Body fat mass assessment and obesity classification: a review of the available methods for adiposity estimation
Main Article Content
Keywords
obesity, body composition, fat mass, anthropometry
Abstract
Obesity is a growing public health problem, which often leads to severe comorbidities that can reduce quality of life and living expectancy. Overweight is caused by a greater food intake compared to the energy expenditure, which involves an excessive deposition of body fat. The distribution of adipose tissue also varies depending on sex, whereas men usually show android-type obesity, or visceral adiposity, women exhibit more commonly a deposition of fat involving the gynoid gluteo-femoral or subcutaneous type. Overweight and obesity are accompanied by a series of clinical manifestations, being the most common hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and high blood pressure, which may depend on body fat distribution. Consequently, not only promoting initiatives to adopt a healthy lifestyle based on recommended dietary models and an active living is necessary, but also having reliable techniques for body fat determination. Besides the Body Mass Index (BMI), whose limits on the correct quantification of body fat are known, nowadays diverse approaches for fat measurement are available. In addition, the assessment of body fat could be achieved also through complex methods such as Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA), Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC), which may be complemented by approaches to categorize/differentiate obese individuals through classification systems and scores. Indeed, adequate measurement of fat is required for obesity characterization and for management purposes as reported in this review.
References
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13. Khaodhiar L, McCowen KC, Blackburn GL. Obesity and its comorbid conditions. Clin Cornerstone 1999; 2(3): 17–31.
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16. Lee SY, Gallagher D. Assessment methods in human body composition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008; 11(5): 566–72.
17. Samsell L, Regier M, Walton C, Cottrell L. Importance of Android/Gynoid Fat Ratio in Predicting Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Normal Weight as well as Overweight and Obese Children. J Obes 2014; 2014: 1–7.
18. Abdelaal M, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Morbidity and mortality associated with obesity. Ann Transl Med 2017; 5(7): 161–161.
19. Forbes GB. Body Fat Content Influences the Body Composition Response to Nutrition and Exercise. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 904(1): 359–65.
20. de Cuevillas B, Alvarez-Alvarez I, Cuervo M, Fernández-Montero A, Navas-Carretero S, Martínez JA. Definition of Nutritionally qualitative categorizing (proto)nutritypes and a pilot quantitative nutrimeter for mirroring nutritional wellbeing based on a quality of life health related questionnaire. Nutr Hosp 2019; ([Impress]).
21. Zhang H, Yu C, Guan Q, et al. Viscus fat area contributes to the Framingham 10-year general cardiovascular disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Life Sci 2019; 220: 69–75.
22. García-García ML, Martín-Lorenzo JG, Lirón-Ruiz R, Torralba-Martínez JA, García-López JA, Aguayo-Albasini JL. Failure of the Obesity Surgery Mortality Risk Score (OS-MRS) to Predict Postoperative Complications After Bariatric Surgery. A Single-Center Series and Systematic Review. Obes Surg 2017; 27(6): 1423–9.
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24. Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Blackmore H, Kitas GD. Writing a narrative biomedical review: considerations for authors, peer reviewers, and editors. Rheumatol Int 2011; 31(11): 1409–17.
25. Agarwal N, Dewan P. Writing a Review Article: Making Sense of the Jumble. Indian Pediatr 2016; 53(8): 715–20.
26. Apovian CM. Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden. Am J Manag Care 2016; 22(7 Suppl): s176-85.
27. Webb VL, Wadden TA. Intensive Lifestyle Intervention for Obesity: Principles, Practices, and Results. Gastroenterology 2017; 152(7): 1752–64.
28. Saunders KH, Umashanker D, Igel LI, Kumar RB, Aronne LJ. Obesity Pharmacotherapy. Med Clin North Am 2018; 102(1): 135–48.
29. Kahan S. Overweight and obesity management strategies. Am J Manag Care 2016; 22(7 Suppl): s186-96.
30. Kamadjeu RM, Edwards R, Atanga JS, Kiawi EC, Unwin N, Mbanya J-C. Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon: an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 228.
31. Duren DL, Sherwood RJ, Czerwinski SA, et al. Body Composition Methods: Comparisons and Interpretation. J Diabetes Sci and Technol 2008; 2(6): 1139-46.
32. Kamimura MA, Avesani CM, Cendoroglo M, Canziani MEF, Draibe SA, Cuppari L. Comparison of skinfold thicknesses and bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of body fat in patients on long-term haemodialysis therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18(1): 101–5.
33. Ruiz De Eguilaz MH, Martínez De Morentín B, Pérez-Diez S, Navas-Carretero S, Martínez JA. Estudio comparativo de medidas de composición corporal por absorciometría dual de rayos X, bioimpedancia y pliegues cutańeos en mujeres. An la Real Acad Nac Farm 2010; 76(2): 209–22.
34. Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Practical assessment of body composition. Phys Sportsmed 1985; 13(5): 76–90.
35. Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. 1961. Nutrition 9(5): 480–91.
36. Brožek J. Body composition: Models and estimation equations. Am J Phys Anthropol 1966; 24(2): 239–46.
37. Visser M, Heuvel E Van Den, Deurenberg P. Prediction equations for the estimation of body composition in the elderly using anthropometric data. Br J Nutr 1994; 71(6): 823–33.
38. Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Buchanan TA, et al. A Better Index of Body Adiposity. Obesity 2011; 19(5): 1083–9.
39. McDougall A, Bredlau C, Mueller M, et al. Relationships between body roundness with body fat and visceral adipose tissue emerging from a new geometrical model. Obesity 2013; 21(11): 2264–71.
40. Bernhard AB, Scabim VM, Serafim MP, Gadducci AV, Santo MA, de Cleva R. Modified body adiposity index for body fat estimation in severe obesity. J Hum Nutr Diet 2017; 30(2): 177–84.
41. Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, Seidell JC. Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas. Br J Nutr 1991; 65(2): 105–14.
42. Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR, Sakamoto Y. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72(3): 694–701.
43. Gomez-Ambrosi J, Silva C, Catalan V, et al. Clinical Usefulness of a New Equation for Estimating Body Fat. Diabetes Care 2012; 35(2): 383–8.
44. Kagawa M, Byrne NM, Hills AP. Comparison of body fat estimation using waist:height ratio using different ‘waist’ measurements in Australian adults. Br J Nutr 2008; 100(5): 1135–41.
45. Kanellakis S, Skoufas E, Khudokonenko V, et al. Development and validation of two equations based on anthropometry, estimating body fat for the Greek adult population. Obesity 2017; 25(2): 408–16.
46. Jackson AS, Stanforth PR, Gagnon J, et al. The effect of sex, age and race on estimating percentage body fat from body mass index: The Heritage Family Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26(6): 789–96.
47. Durnin JVGA, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 Years. Br J Nutr 1974; 32(01): 77–97.
48. Leahy S, O’Neill C, Sohun R, Toomey C, Jakeman P. Generalised equations for the prediction of percentage body fat by anthropometry in adult men and women aged 18–81 years. Br J Nutr 2013; 109(4): 678–85.
49. Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. Br J Nutr 1978; 40(3): 497–504.
50. Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Ward A. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1980; 12(3): 175–81.
51. Lean ME, Han TS, Deurenberg P. Predicting body composition by densitometry from simple anthropometric measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63(1): 4–14.
52. Plank LD. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005; 8(3): 305–9.
53. Hoffe S, Saeed N, Shridhar R, Chuong M, Almhanna K, Meredith K. CT-based assessment of visceral adiposity and outcomes for esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 8(5): 833–41.
54. Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis--part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr 2004; 23(5): 1226–43.
55. Presta E, Wang J, Harrison GG, Björntorp P, Harker WH, Van Itallie TB. Measurement of total body electrical conductivity: a new method for estimation of body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 37(5): 735–9.
56. Casanova Román M. Técnicas de valoración del estado nutricional. Vox Paedriatr 2003; 11.1: 26-35.
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Castelnuovo G, de Cuevillas B, Navas-Carretero S, Martinez JA. Body fat mass assessment and obesity classification: a review of the available methods for adiposity estimation. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2021 Mar. 31 [cited 2024 Jul. 18];23(1):e2021014. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/8664
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How to Cite
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Castelnuovo G, de Cuevillas B, Navas-Carretero S, Martinez JA. Body fat mass assessment and obesity classification: a review of the available methods for adiposity estimation. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2021 Mar. 31 [cited 2024 Jul. 18];23(1):e2021014. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/8664
