Does Nitric Oxide Intake Affect Post-Exercise Recovery in Athletes? A Study on Cocoa, Caffeine and Nitric Oxide Supplement Effect of Nitric Oxide Intake in Athletes
Main Article Content
Keywords
Exercise, sports nutrition, dietary supplements, nitric oxide, arginine, citrulline, ornithine, cocoa, caffeine, recovery
Abstract
Background: The beneficial effect of popular supplements and use of nitric oxide (NO) precursor nutrients in athletes which aim at increase of sports performance. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of nitric oxide precursor nutrients and some nutrients with the ability to increase NO levels in the body on increased NO production in metabolism and on the recovery after acute exercise. Materials and Methods: 8 volunteers, male athletes, in shape and trained participated into this study. Athletes were subject to research protocol every other day, a total of three times. Heart rate and lactate levels were determined at resting and recovery. Results: Statistically significant difference was detected between control and cocoa/caffeine (CC) groups in the 1 minute lactate levels. Lactate levels significantly decreased in the CC group compared to the control group in the 1 minute lactate levels (p<0.05). Statistical significance difference was found between the nitric oxide supplement (NOX) and CC groups in the 1 and 10 minutes heart rate levels. Heart rate levels significantly decreased in the CC group compared to the NOX group (p<0.05). Heart rate levels were significantly decreased in the CC group compared to the control and NOX groups in the 15 minute measurement (p<0.05). Conclusions: Nitric oxide consumed as a supplement in line with nutrition and recovery strategies in athletes improved the recovery by accelerating lactate excretion from the body after the exercise. All of these metabolic responses in the present study suggest that NO will have a positive effect on exercise performance and recovery.
References
1- Mor A, İpekoǧlu G, Arslanoǧlu E, Arslanoǧlu C, Acar K. The Acute Effects of Combined Supplementation of Beta-Alanine, Carbohydrate and Whey Protein on Biochemical Parameters of Athletes after Exhaustive Exercise. Progress in Nutrition. 2018; 20(3): 329-337.
2- McDowall JA. Supplement Use by Young Athletes. J Sports Sci Med. 2007; 6(3): 337-342.
3- Lee CL, Lin JC, Cheng CF. Effect of Caffeine Ingestion After Creatine Supplementation on Intermittent High-Intensity Sprint Performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111(8): 1669-1677.
4- Manore MM, Barr SI, Butterfield GE. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32(12): 2130–2145.
5- Roberts CK, Barnard RJ, Jasman A, Balon TW. Acute Exercise Increases Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Skeletal Muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 277(2): 390-394.
6- Jones AM, Haramizu S, Ranchordas M, Burke L, Stear S, Castell LM. A-Z of Nutritional Supplements, Sports Nutrition Foods and Ergogenic Aids Health and Performance-Part 27. Br J Sports Med. 2011; 45(15): 1246-1248.
7- Copp SW, Hirai DM, Schwagerl PJ, Musch TI, Poole DC. Effect of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition on Resting and Exercising Hindlimb Muscle Blood Flow in The Rat. J Physiol. 2010; 588(8): 1321-1331.
8- Nyberg M, Jensen LG, Thaning P, Hellsten Y, Mortensen SP. Role of Nitric Oxide and Prostanoids in the Regulation of Leg Blood Flow and Blood Pressure in Humans with Essential Hypertension: Effect of High-Intensity Aerobic Training. J Physiol. 2012; 590(6): 1481-1494.
9- Jones AM, Wilkerson DP, Koppo K, Wilmshurst S, Campbell IT. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase by L-NAME Speeds Phase II Pulmonary VO2 Kinetics in the Transition to Modarate-Intensity Exercise in Man. J Physiol. 2003; 552(1): 265-272.
10- McAllister RM, Newcomer SC, Pope ER, Turk JR, Laughlin MH. Effect of Chronic Nitric Oxide Sythase Inhibition on Responses to Acute Exercise in Swine. J Appl Physiol. 2008; 104(1): 186-197.
11- Gündüz F, Kuru O, Şentürk ÜK. Effect of Nitric Oxide on Exercise-Induced Proteinuria in Rats. J Appl Physiol. 2003; 95(5): 1867-1872.
12- Başkurt OK, Yalçın Ö, Özdem S, Armstrong JK, Meiselman HJ. Modulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Sythase Expression by Red Blood Cell Aggregation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004; 286(1): 222-229.
13- Wilkerson DP, Campbell IT, Jones AM. Influence of Nitric Oxide Sythase Inhibition On Pulmonary O2 Uptake Kinetics During Supra-Maximal Exercise in Humans. J Physiol. 2004; 561(2): 623-635.
14- Gavin TP, Spector DA, Wagner H, Breen EC, Wagner PD. Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition Attenuates the Skeletal Muscle VEGF mRNA Response to Exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2000; 88(4): 1192-1198.
15- McConell GK, Huynh NN, Lee-Young RS, Canny BJ, Wadley GD. L-Arginine Infusion Increases Glucose Clearance During Prolonged Exercise in Humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 290(1): 60-66.
16- Vasilijevic A, Buzadic B, Korac A, Petrovic V, Jankovic A, Korac B. Beneficial Effects of L-Arginine-Nitric Oxide-Producing Pathway in Rats Treated With Alloxan. J Physiol. 2007; 584(3): 921-933.
17- Jacobson BH, Kulling FA. Health and Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine. Br J Sports Med. 1989; 23(1): 34-40.
18- Chen JD, Ai H, Shi JD, Wu YZ, Chen ZM. The Effect of a Chocolate Bar Supplementation on Moderate Exercise Recovery of Recreational Runners. Biomed Environ Sci. 1996; 9(2-3): 247-255.
19- Pritchett K, Bishop PA. Cocoa for Recovery. Watson R R, Preedy V R, Zibadi S eds. Chocolate in Health and Nutrition. Humana Press (Springer). 2013: 449-456.
20- Spriet LL. Exercise and Sport Performance with Low Doses of Caffeine. Sports Med. 2014; 44(Suppl 2): 175-184.
21- Lee J, Kim HT, Solares GJ, Kim K, Ding Z, Ivy JL. Caffeinated Nitric Oxide-Releasing Lozenge Improves Cycling Time Trial Performance. Int J Sports Med. 2015; 36(2): 107-112.
22- Jalil AM, Ismail A. Polyphenols in Cocoa and Cocoa Products: Is There a Link between Antioxidant Properties and Health? Molecules. 2008; 13(9): 2190-2219.
23- Andujar I, Recio MC, Giner RM, Rıos JL. Cocoa Polyphenols and Their Potential Benefits for Human Health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012: 1-23.
24- Grosso G, Godos J, Galvano F, Giovannucci EL. Coffee, Caffeine, and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017; 37: 131-156.
25- Gray J. Caffeine, Coffee and Health. Nutrition & Food Science. 1998; 98(6): 314-319.
26- Cooper KA, Donovan JL, Waterhouse AL, Williamson G. Cocoa and Health: A Decade of Research. Br J Nutr. 2008; 99(1): 1-11.
27- Franco R, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Martínez-Pinilla E. Health Benefits of Methylxanthines in Cocoa and Chocolate. Nutrients. 2013; 5(10): 4159-4173.
28- Mejia EGD, Ramirez-Mares MV. Impact of Caffeine and Coffee on Our Health. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 25(10): 489-492.
29- Araujo QRD, Gattward JN, Almoosawi S, Silva MGCPC, Dantas PADS, Araujo Júnior QRD. Cocoa and Human Health: from Head to Foot – A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016: 56(1): 1-12.
30- Fisher NDL, Hughes M, Gerhard-Herman M, Hollenberg NK. Flavanol-Rich Cocoa Induces Nitric-Oxide-Dependent Vasodilation in Healthy Humans. J Hypertens. 2003; 21(12); 2281-2286.
31- Umemura T, Ueda K, Nishioka K, et al. Effects of Acute Administration of Caffeine on Vascular Function. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 98(11): 1538-1541.
32- Corti R, Flammer AJ, Hollenberg NK, Lüscher TF. Cocoa and Cardiovascular Health. Circulation. 2009; 119(10): 1433-1441.
33- Barokah L, Baktiyani SCW, Kalsum U. Protective Effect of Theobroma Cocoa on Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 Level in Endothelial Cells Induced by Plasma from Preeclamptic Patients: In Silico and in Vitro Studies. Eur J Integr Med. 2016; 8(1): 73-78.
34- Mor A, Kayacan Y, Ipekoglu G, Arslanoglu E. Effect of Carbohydrate–Electrolyte Consumption on Insulin, Cortisol Hormones and Blood Glucose After High-Intensity Exercise. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2018: 1-7.
35- Ameredes BT, Provenzano MA. Influence of Nitric Oxide on Vascular Resistance and Muscle Mechanics During Tetanic Contractions in Situ. J Appl Physiol. 1999; 87(1): 142-151.
36- Frandsen U, Bangsbo J, Sander M, et al. Exercise Induced Hyperaemia and Leg Oxygen Uptake are not Altered During Effective Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase with NG Nitro L-arginine Methyl Ester in Humans. J Physiol. 2001; 531(1): 257-264.
37- Merkus D, Houweling B, Zarbanoui A, Duncker DJ. Interaction Between Prostanoids and Nitric Oxide in Regulation of Systemic, Pulmonary, and Coronery Vascular Tone in Exercising Swine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004; 286(3): 1114-1123.
38- Jones AM, Wilkerson DP, Campbell IT. Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition with L-NAME Reduces Maximal Oxygen Uptake but not Gas Exchange Threshold During Incremental Cycle Exercise in Man. J Physiol. 2004; 560(1): 329-338.
39- Kalliokoski KK, Langberg H, Ryberg AK, et al. Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandins Influence Local Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow During Exercise in Humans: Coupling Between Local Substrate Uptake and Blood Flow. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006; 291(3): 803-809.
40- Williams M. Nitrate Supplementation and Endurance Performance. Marathon & Beyond. 2012; 16(5): 114-128.
41- Thomas GD, Victor RG. Nitric Oxide Mediates Contraction Induced Attenuation of Sympathetic Vasoconstriction in Rat Skeletal Muscle. J Physiol. 1997; 506(3): 817-826.
42- Frandsen U, Bangsbo J, Langberg H, Saltin B, Hellsten Y. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Sythesis by Sistemic NG-Monomethyl-L-Arginine Administration in Humans: Effects on Interstitial Adenosine, Prostacyclin and Potassium Concentrations in Resting and Contracting Skeletal Muscle. J Vasc Res. 2000; 37(4): 297-302.
43- Mortensen SP, Gonzales-Alonso J, Damsgaard R, Saltin B, Hellsten Y. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandins but not Endo-Thelial-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factors, Reduces Blood Flow and Aerobic Energy Turnover in the Exercising Human Leg. J Physiol. 2007; 581(2): 853-861.
44- Heinonen I, Saltin B, Kemppainen J, et al. Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow and Oxygen Uptake at Rest and During Exercise in Human: A Pet Study with Nitric Oxide and Cyclooxygenase Inhibition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011; 300(4): 1510-1517.
45- Bloomer RJ, Farney TM, Trepanowski JF, McCarthy CG, Canale RE, Schilling BK. Comparison of Pre-Workout Nitric Oxide Stimulating Dietary Supplements on Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Saturation, Blood Nitrate/Nitrite, Lipid Peroxidation, and Upper Body Exercise Performance in Resistance Trained Man. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010; 7(16): 1-15.
46- Mor A, Atan T, Agaoglu SA, Ayyildiz M. Effect of Arginine Supplementation on Footballers’ Anaerobic Performance and Recovery. Progress in Nutrition. 2018; 20(1): 104-112.
47- Sudano I, Flammer AJ, Roas S, et al. Cocoa, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Function. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012; 14(4): 279-284.
48- Tsukamoto H, Suga T, Ishibashi A, et al. Flavanol-Rich Cocoa Consumption Enhances Exercise-Induced Executive Function Improvements in Humans. Nutrition. 2018; 46: 90-96.
49- Glenn JM, Gray M, Wethington LN, Stone MS, Stewart Jr RW, Moyen NE. Acute Citrulline Malate Supplementation Improves Upper- and lower‑Body Submaximal Weightlifting Exercise Performance in Resistance‑Trained Females. Eur J Nutr. 2017; 56(2): 775-784.
50- Demura S, Morishita K, Yamada T, Yamaji S, Komatsu M. Effect of L-Ornithine Hydrochloride Ingestion on Intermittent Maximal Anaerobic Cycle Ergometer Performance and Fatigue Recovery After Exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111(11): 2837-2843.
51- Muazzezzaneh A, Keshavarz SA, Sabour-Yaraghi A, Djalali M, Rahimi A. Effect of L-Arginine Supplementation on Blood Lactate Level and VO2 Max at Anaerobic Threshold Performance. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 14(3): 200-208.
52- Willoughby DS, Boucher T, Reid J, Skelton G, Clark M. Effects of 7 Days of Arginine Alpha Ketoglutarate Supplementation on Blood Flow, Plasma L-arginine, Nitric Oxide Metabolites, and Asymmetric Dimethyl Arginine After Resistance Exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2011; 21(4): 291-299.
53- Patel RK, Brouner J, Spendiff O. Dark Chocolate Supplementation Reduces the Oxygen Cost of Moderate Intensity Cycling. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015; 12(47): 1-8.
54- Decroix L, Tonoli C, Soares DD, et al. Acute Cocoa Flavanols Intake Has Minimal Effects on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide Production in Healthy Cyclists: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017; 14(28): 1-11.
55- Woolf K, Bidwell WK, Carlson AG. The Effect of Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid in Anaerobic Exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008; 18(4): 412-429.
56- McNaughton LR, Lovell RJ, Siegler J, Midgley AW, Moore L, Bentley DJ. The Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Time Trial Cycling Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2008; 3(2): 157-163.
57- Meneguello MO, Mendonça JR, Lancha Jr AH, Costa Rosa LFBP. Effect of Arginine, Ornithine and Citrulline Supplementation Upon Performance and Metabolism of Trained Rats. Cell Biochem Funct. 2003; 21(1): 85-91.
58- Wax B, Kavazis AN, Weldon K, Sperlak J. Effects of Supplemental Citrulline Malate Ingestion During Repeated Bouts of Lower-Body Exercise in Advanced Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2015; 29(3): 786-792.
59- Wax B, Kavazis AN, Luckett W. Effects of Supplemental Citrulline-Malate Ingestion on Blood Lactate, Cardiovascular Dynamics, and Resistance Exercise Performance in Trained Males. J Diet Suppl. 2016; 13(3): 269-282.
60- Takeda K, Machıda M, Kohara A, Omı N, Takemasa T. Effect of Citrulline Supplementation on Fatigue and Exercise Performance in Mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2011; 57(3): 246-250.
61- Da Silva DK, Jacinto JL, De Andrade WB, et al. Citrulline Malate Does Not Improve Muscle Recovery after Resistance Exercise in Untrained Young Adult Men. Nutrients. 2017; 9(10): 1132.
62- Schaefer A, Piquard F, Geny B, et al. L-Arginine Reduces Exercise-Induced Increase in Plasma Lactate and Ammonia. Int J Sports Med. 2002; 23(6): 403-407.
63- Zajac A, Poprzecki S, Zebrowska A, Chalimoniuk M, Langfort J. Arginine and Ornithine Supplementation Increases GH and IGF-1 Serum Levels After Heavy-Resistance Exercise in Strength-Trained Athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(4): 1082-1090.
64- Sugino T, Shirai T, Kajimoto Y, Kajimoto O. L-Ornithine Supplementation Attenuates Physical Fatigue in Healthy Volunteers by Modulating Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism. Nutr Res. 2008; 28(11): 738-743.
65- Bailey SJ, Winyard PG, Vanhatalo A, et al. Acute L-arginine Supplementation Reduces the O2 Cost of Moderate-Intensity Exercise and Enhances High-Intensity Exercise Tolerance. J Appl Physiol. 2010; 109(5): 1394-1403.
66- Demura S, Yamada T, Yamaji S, Komatsu M, Morishita K. The Effect of L-Ornithine Hydrochloride Ingestion on Performance During Incremental Exhaustive Ergometer Bicycle Exercise and Ammonia Metabolism During and After Exercise. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010; 64(10): 1166-1171.
67- Peschek K, Pritchett R, Bergman E, Pritchett K. The Effects of Acute Post Exercise Consumption of Two Cocoa-Based Beverages with Varying Flavanol Content on Indices of Muscle Recovery Following Downhill Treadmill Running. Nutrients. 2014; 6(1): 50-62.
68- Berry NM, Davison K, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Howe PRC. Impact of Cocoa Flavanol Consumption on Blood Pressure Responsiveness to Exercise. Br J Nutr. 2010; 103(10): 1480-1484.
69- Bell DG, Jacobs I, Zamecnik J. Effects of Caffeine, Ephedrine and Their Combination on Time to Exhaustion During High-Intensity Exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1998; 77(5): 427-433.
70- Woolf K, Wendy KB, Carlson AG. Effect of Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid During Anaerobic Exercise Performance in Caffeine Naive Collegiate Football Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(5): 1363-1369.
2- McDowall JA. Supplement Use by Young Athletes. J Sports Sci Med. 2007; 6(3): 337-342.
3- Lee CL, Lin JC, Cheng CF. Effect of Caffeine Ingestion After Creatine Supplementation on Intermittent High-Intensity Sprint Performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111(8): 1669-1677.
4- Manore MM, Barr SI, Butterfield GE. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32(12): 2130–2145.
5- Roberts CK, Barnard RJ, Jasman A, Balon TW. Acute Exercise Increases Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Skeletal Muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 277(2): 390-394.
6- Jones AM, Haramizu S, Ranchordas M, Burke L, Stear S, Castell LM. A-Z of Nutritional Supplements, Sports Nutrition Foods and Ergogenic Aids Health and Performance-Part 27. Br J Sports Med. 2011; 45(15): 1246-1248.
7- Copp SW, Hirai DM, Schwagerl PJ, Musch TI, Poole DC. Effect of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition on Resting and Exercising Hindlimb Muscle Blood Flow in The Rat. J Physiol. 2010; 588(8): 1321-1331.
8- Nyberg M, Jensen LG, Thaning P, Hellsten Y, Mortensen SP. Role of Nitric Oxide and Prostanoids in the Regulation of Leg Blood Flow and Blood Pressure in Humans with Essential Hypertension: Effect of High-Intensity Aerobic Training. J Physiol. 2012; 590(6): 1481-1494.
9- Jones AM, Wilkerson DP, Koppo K, Wilmshurst S, Campbell IT. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase by L-NAME Speeds Phase II Pulmonary VO2 Kinetics in the Transition to Modarate-Intensity Exercise in Man. J Physiol. 2003; 552(1): 265-272.
10- McAllister RM, Newcomer SC, Pope ER, Turk JR, Laughlin MH. Effect of Chronic Nitric Oxide Sythase Inhibition on Responses to Acute Exercise in Swine. J Appl Physiol. 2008; 104(1): 186-197.
11- Gündüz F, Kuru O, Şentürk ÜK. Effect of Nitric Oxide on Exercise-Induced Proteinuria in Rats. J Appl Physiol. 2003; 95(5): 1867-1872.
12- Başkurt OK, Yalçın Ö, Özdem S, Armstrong JK, Meiselman HJ. Modulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Sythase Expression by Red Blood Cell Aggregation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004; 286(1): 222-229.
13- Wilkerson DP, Campbell IT, Jones AM. Influence of Nitric Oxide Sythase Inhibition On Pulmonary O2 Uptake Kinetics During Supra-Maximal Exercise in Humans. J Physiol. 2004; 561(2): 623-635.
14- Gavin TP, Spector DA, Wagner H, Breen EC, Wagner PD. Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition Attenuates the Skeletal Muscle VEGF mRNA Response to Exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2000; 88(4): 1192-1198.
15- McConell GK, Huynh NN, Lee-Young RS, Canny BJ, Wadley GD. L-Arginine Infusion Increases Glucose Clearance During Prolonged Exercise in Humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 290(1): 60-66.
16- Vasilijevic A, Buzadic B, Korac A, Petrovic V, Jankovic A, Korac B. Beneficial Effects of L-Arginine-Nitric Oxide-Producing Pathway in Rats Treated With Alloxan. J Physiol. 2007; 584(3): 921-933.
17- Jacobson BH, Kulling FA. Health and Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine. Br J Sports Med. 1989; 23(1): 34-40.
18- Chen JD, Ai H, Shi JD, Wu YZ, Chen ZM. The Effect of a Chocolate Bar Supplementation on Moderate Exercise Recovery of Recreational Runners. Biomed Environ Sci. 1996; 9(2-3): 247-255.
19- Pritchett K, Bishop PA. Cocoa for Recovery. Watson R R, Preedy V R, Zibadi S eds. Chocolate in Health and Nutrition. Humana Press (Springer). 2013: 449-456.
20- Spriet LL. Exercise and Sport Performance with Low Doses of Caffeine. Sports Med. 2014; 44(Suppl 2): 175-184.
21- Lee J, Kim HT, Solares GJ, Kim K, Ding Z, Ivy JL. Caffeinated Nitric Oxide-Releasing Lozenge Improves Cycling Time Trial Performance. Int J Sports Med. 2015; 36(2): 107-112.
22- Jalil AM, Ismail A. Polyphenols in Cocoa and Cocoa Products: Is There a Link between Antioxidant Properties and Health? Molecules. 2008; 13(9): 2190-2219.
23- Andujar I, Recio MC, Giner RM, Rıos JL. Cocoa Polyphenols and Their Potential Benefits for Human Health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012: 1-23.
24- Grosso G, Godos J, Galvano F, Giovannucci EL. Coffee, Caffeine, and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review. Annu Rev Nutr. 2017; 37: 131-156.
25- Gray J. Caffeine, Coffee and Health. Nutrition & Food Science. 1998; 98(6): 314-319.
26- Cooper KA, Donovan JL, Waterhouse AL, Williamson G. Cocoa and Health: A Decade of Research. Br J Nutr. 2008; 99(1): 1-11.
27- Franco R, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Martínez-Pinilla E. Health Benefits of Methylxanthines in Cocoa and Chocolate. Nutrients. 2013; 5(10): 4159-4173.
28- Mejia EGD, Ramirez-Mares MV. Impact of Caffeine and Coffee on Our Health. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 25(10): 489-492.
29- Araujo QRD, Gattward JN, Almoosawi S, Silva MGCPC, Dantas PADS, Araujo Júnior QRD. Cocoa and Human Health: from Head to Foot – A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016: 56(1): 1-12.
30- Fisher NDL, Hughes M, Gerhard-Herman M, Hollenberg NK. Flavanol-Rich Cocoa Induces Nitric-Oxide-Dependent Vasodilation in Healthy Humans. J Hypertens. 2003; 21(12); 2281-2286.
31- Umemura T, Ueda K, Nishioka K, et al. Effects of Acute Administration of Caffeine on Vascular Function. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 98(11): 1538-1541.
32- Corti R, Flammer AJ, Hollenberg NK, Lüscher TF. Cocoa and Cardiovascular Health. Circulation. 2009; 119(10): 1433-1441.
33- Barokah L, Baktiyani SCW, Kalsum U. Protective Effect of Theobroma Cocoa on Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 Level in Endothelial Cells Induced by Plasma from Preeclamptic Patients: In Silico and in Vitro Studies. Eur J Integr Med. 2016; 8(1): 73-78.
34- Mor A, Kayacan Y, Ipekoglu G, Arslanoglu E. Effect of Carbohydrate–Electrolyte Consumption on Insulin, Cortisol Hormones and Blood Glucose After High-Intensity Exercise. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2018: 1-7.
35- Ameredes BT, Provenzano MA. Influence of Nitric Oxide on Vascular Resistance and Muscle Mechanics During Tetanic Contractions in Situ. J Appl Physiol. 1999; 87(1): 142-151.
36- Frandsen U, Bangsbo J, Sander M, et al. Exercise Induced Hyperaemia and Leg Oxygen Uptake are not Altered During Effective Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase with NG Nitro L-arginine Methyl Ester in Humans. J Physiol. 2001; 531(1): 257-264.
37- Merkus D, Houweling B, Zarbanoui A, Duncker DJ. Interaction Between Prostanoids and Nitric Oxide in Regulation of Systemic, Pulmonary, and Coronery Vascular Tone in Exercising Swine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004; 286(3): 1114-1123.
38- Jones AM, Wilkerson DP, Campbell IT. Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition with L-NAME Reduces Maximal Oxygen Uptake but not Gas Exchange Threshold During Incremental Cycle Exercise in Man. J Physiol. 2004; 560(1): 329-338.
39- Kalliokoski KK, Langberg H, Ryberg AK, et al. Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandins Influence Local Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow During Exercise in Humans: Coupling Between Local Substrate Uptake and Blood Flow. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006; 291(3): 803-809.
40- Williams M. Nitrate Supplementation and Endurance Performance. Marathon & Beyond. 2012; 16(5): 114-128.
41- Thomas GD, Victor RG. Nitric Oxide Mediates Contraction Induced Attenuation of Sympathetic Vasoconstriction in Rat Skeletal Muscle. J Physiol. 1997; 506(3): 817-826.
42- Frandsen U, Bangsbo J, Langberg H, Saltin B, Hellsten Y. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Sythesis by Sistemic NG-Monomethyl-L-Arginine Administration in Humans: Effects on Interstitial Adenosine, Prostacyclin and Potassium Concentrations in Resting and Contracting Skeletal Muscle. J Vasc Res. 2000; 37(4): 297-302.
43- Mortensen SP, Gonzales-Alonso J, Damsgaard R, Saltin B, Hellsten Y. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide and Prostaglandins but not Endo-Thelial-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factors, Reduces Blood Flow and Aerobic Energy Turnover in the Exercising Human Leg. J Physiol. 2007; 581(2): 853-861.
44- Heinonen I, Saltin B, Kemppainen J, et al. Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow and Oxygen Uptake at Rest and During Exercise in Human: A Pet Study with Nitric Oxide and Cyclooxygenase Inhibition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011; 300(4): 1510-1517.
45- Bloomer RJ, Farney TM, Trepanowski JF, McCarthy CG, Canale RE, Schilling BK. Comparison of Pre-Workout Nitric Oxide Stimulating Dietary Supplements on Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Saturation, Blood Nitrate/Nitrite, Lipid Peroxidation, and Upper Body Exercise Performance in Resistance Trained Man. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010; 7(16): 1-15.
46- Mor A, Atan T, Agaoglu SA, Ayyildiz M. Effect of Arginine Supplementation on Footballers’ Anaerobic Performance and Recovery. Progress in Nutrition. 2018; 20(1): 104-112.
47- Sudano I, Flammer AJ, Roas S, et al. Cocoa, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Function. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012; 14(4): 279-284.
48- Tsukamoto H, Suga T, Ishibashi A, et al. Flavanol-Rich Cocoa Consumption Enhances Exercise-Induced Executive Function Improvements in Humans. Nutrition. 2018; 46: 90-96.
49- Glenn JM, Gray M, Wethington LN, Stone MS, Stewart Jr RW, Moyen NE. Acute Citrulline Malate Supplementation Improves Upper- and lower‑Body Submaximal Weightlifting Exercise Performance in Resistance‑Trained Females. Eur J Nutr. 2017; 56(2): 775-784.
50- Demura S, Morishita K, Yamada T, Yamaji S, Komatsu M. Effect of L-Ornithine Hydrochloride Ingestion on Intermittent Maximal Anaerobic Cycle Ergometer Performance and Fatigue Recovery After Exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111(11): 2837-2843.
51- Muazzezzaneh A, Keshavarz SA, Sabour-Yaraghi A, Djalali M, Rahimi A. Effect of L-Arginine Supplementation on Blood Lactate Level and VO2 Max at Anaerobic Threshold Performance. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 2010; 14(3): 200-208.
52- Willoughby DS, Boucher T, Reid J, Skelton G, Clark M. Effects of 7 Days of Arginine Alpha Ketoglutarate Supplementation on Blood Flow, Plasma L-arginine, Nitric Oxide Metabolites, and Asymmetric Dimethyl Arginine After Resistance Exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2011; 21(4): 291-299.
53- Patel RK, Brouner J, Spendiff O. Dark Chocolate Supplementation Reduces the Oxygen Cost of Moderate Intensity Cycling. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015; 12(47): 1-8.
54- Decroix L, Tonoli C, Soares DD, et al. Acute Cocoa Flavanols Intake Has Minimal Effects on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide Production in Healthy Cyclists: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017; 14(28): 1-11.
55- Woolf K, Bidwell WK, Carlson AG. The Effect of Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid in Anaerobic Exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008; 18(4): 412-429.
56- McNaughton LR, Lovell RJ, Siegler J, Midgley AW, Moore L, Bentley DJ. The Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Time Trial Cycling Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2008; 3(2): 157-163.
57- Meneguello MO, Mendonça JR, Lancha Jr AH, Costa Rosa LFBP. Effect of Arginine, Ornithine and Citrulline Supplementation Upon Performance and Metabolism of Trained Rats. Cell Biochem Funct. 2003; 21(1): 85-91.
58- Wax B, Kavazis AN, Weldon K, Sperlak J. Effects of Supplemental Citrulline Malate Ingestion During Repeated Bouts of Lower-Body Exercise in Advanced Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2015; 29(3): 786-792.
59- Wax B, Kavazis AN, Luckett W. Effects of Supplemental Citrulline-Malate Ingestion on Blood Lactate, Cardiovascular Dynamics, and Resistance Exercise Performance in Trained Males. J Diet Suppl. 2016; 13(3): 269-282.
60- Takeda K, Machıda M, Kohara A, Omı N, Takemasa T. Effect of Citrulline Supplementation on Fatigue and Exercise Performance in Mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2011; 57(3): 246-250.
61- Da Silva DK, Jacinto JL, De Andrade WB, et al. Citrulline Malate Does Not Improve Muscle Recovery after Resistance Exercise in Untrained Young Adult Men. Nutrients. 2017; 9(10): 1132.
62- Schaefer A, Piquard F, Geny B, et al. L-Arginine Reduces Exercise-Induced Increase in Plasma Lactate and Ammonia. Int J Sports Med. 2002; 23(6): 403-407.
63- Zajac A, Poprzecki S, Zebrowska A, Chalimoniuk M, Langfort J. Arginine and Ornithine Supplementation Increases GH and IGF-1 Serum Levels After Heavy-Resistance Exercise in Strength-Trained Athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(4): 1082-1090.
64- Sugino T, Shirai T, Kajimoto Y, Kajimoto O. L-Ornithine Supplementation Attenuates Physical Fatigue in Healthy Volunteers by Modulating Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism. Nutr Res. 2008; 28(11): 738-743.
65- Bailey SJ, Winyard PG, Vanhatalo A, et al. Acute L-arginine Supplementation Reduces the O2 Cost of Moderate-Intensity Exercise and Enhances High-Intensity Exercise Tolerance. J Appl Physiol. 2010; 109(5): 1394-1403.
66- Demura S, Yamada T, Yamaji S, Komatsu M, Morishita K. The Effect of L-Ornithine Hydrochloride Ingestion on Performance During Incremental Exhaustive Ergometer Bicycle Exercise and Ammonia Metabolism During and After Exercise. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010; 64(10): 1166-1171.
67- Peschek K, Pritchett R, Bergman E, Pritchett K. The Effects of Acute Post Exercise Consumption of Two Cocoa-Based Beverages with Varying Flavanol Content on Indices of Muscle Recovery Following Downhill Treadmill Running. Nutrients. 2014; 6(1): 50-62.
68- Berry NM, Davison K, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Howe PRC. Impact of Cocoa Flavanol Consumption on Blood Pressure Responsiveness to Exercise. Br J Nutr. 2010; 103(10): 1480-1484.
69- Bell DG, Jacobs I, Zamecnik J. Effects of Caffeine, Ephedrine and Their Combination on Time to Exhaustion During High-Intensity Exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1998; 77(5): 427-433.
70- Woolf K, Wendy KB, Carlson AG. Effect of Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid During Anaerobic Exercise Performance in Caffeine Naive Collegiate Football Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(5): 1363-1369.
Article Sidebar
Published
Sep 30, 2020
Article Details
How to Cite
1.
Does Nitric Oxide Intake Affect Post-Exercise Recovery in Athletes? A Study on Cocoa, Caffeine and Nitric Oxide Supplement: Effect of Nitric Oxide Intake in Athletes. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Jun. 30];22(3):e2020007. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/8529
Issue
Section
Original articles
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Author Biography
Ahmet Mor, Sinop University Faculty of Sport Sciences
Sport Sciences
Assistant Professor
How to Cite
1.
Does Nitric Oxide Intake Affect Post-Exercise Recovery in Athletes? A Study on Cocoa, Caffeine and Nitric Oxide Supplement: Effect of Nitric Oxide Intake in Athletes. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Jun. 30];22(3):e2020007. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/8529
