Lockdown Changed Us in Turkey Eating Behaviors, Depression Levels, and Body Weight Changes during Lockdown: An Online Survey in Turkey
Main Article Content
Keywords
Covid-19, Pandemic, Lockdown, Body weight management, Eating behaviors, Depression
Abstract
Nationwide lockdown is a proven strategy to decrease inters human transmission of the COVID-19. Prolonged home stay may be associated with some potential side effects as weight gain, depression, physical inactivity, unbalanced diet, and behavioral addiction disorders. During March-May of the social lockdown, Turkish adults (N=2955) completed an online sociodemographic form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). During lockdown, 51.1% of the participants gained weight and TFEQ, emotional and uncontrolled eating scores were increased (p<0.001). Analysis showed that body weight increase was significantly related to the TFEQ score, depression level, having a disease, decreased exercise, increased alcohol consumption, dismissal from work and reduced smoking (p<0.001). There were significant changes in uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, and cognitive restriction during the lockdown period. Additionally, changes in eating habits and physical activity may influence weight gain.
References
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35- Hefni ME, Thomsson A, Witthöft CM. Bread making with sourdough and intact cereal and legume grains – effect on glycaemic index and glycaemic load. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 72(1): 134-142.
36- Heraclides AM, Chandola T, Witte DR, Brunner EJ. Work stress, obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: gender-specific bidirectional effect in the Whitehall II study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 428-433.
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52- Julien Sweerts S, Apfeldorfer G, Kureta-Vanoli K, Romo L. Les thérapies émotionnelles dans les problématiques de surpoids ou d’obésité (Emotional therapies for overweight or obesity). Encephale 2019; 45: 263–270.
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2- Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Henry BM. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the portrait of a perfect storm. Annals of Translational Medicine 2020; 8: 497.
3- Lee PI, Hsueh PR. Emerging threats from zoonotic coronaviruses-from SARS and MERS to 2019-nCoV. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2020; 53: 365–367.
4- Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2020; 26: 1199–1207.
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12- Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Pivari F, Soldati L, Attinà A, Cinelli G, et al. Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey. J Transl Med 2020; 18: 1-5.
13- Sidor A, Rzymski P. Dietary choices and habits during COVID-19 lockdown: experience from Poland. Nutrients 2020; 12: 1657.
14- Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci 2015; 10: 227-237.
15- Armitage R, Nellums LB. COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. The Lancet Public Health 2020; 5: e256.
16- Flaudias V, Iceta S, Zerhouni O, Rodgers RF, Billieux J, Llorca PM, et al. COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and problematic eating behaviors in a student population. J Behav Addict 2020; 9: 826-835.
17- Bélair MA, Kohen DE, Kingsbury M, Colman I. Relationship between leisure time physical activity, sedentary behaviour and symptoms of depression and anxiety: Evidence from a population-based sample of Canadian adolescents. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e021119.
18- Leonard BE. The concept of depression as a dysfunction of the immune system. Curr Immunol Rev 2010; 6: 205–212.
19- High KP. Nutritional strategies to boost immunity and prevent infection in elderly individuals. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1892–1900.
20- Simpson RJ, Kunz H, Agha N, Graff, R. Exercise and the regulation of immune functions. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2015; 135: 355–380.
21- Greeno CG, Wing RR. Stress-induced eating. Psychol Bull 1994; 115: 444–464.
22- Schachter S, Goldman R, Gordon A. Effects of fear, food deprivation, and obesity on eating. J Pers Soc Psychol 1968; 10: 91–97.
23- Spoor STP, Bekker MHJ, van Strien T, van Heck GL. Relations between negative affect, coping, and emotional eating. Appetite 2007; 48: 368–376.
24- American Psychological Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Depressive Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 2013. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm04
25- Lee AM, Wong JG, McAlonan GM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Sham PC, et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Can J Psychiatry 2007; 52: 233-40.
26- Wu P, Fang Y, Guan Z, Fan B, Kong J, Yao Z, et al. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Can J Psychiatry 2009; 54: 302-311.
27- Beck AT, Steer RA. Internal consistencies of the original and revised Beck Depression Inventory. J Clin Psychol 1984; 40: 1365-1367.
28- Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanterinin Geçerliği Üzerine Bir Çalışma (A study on the validity of Beck Depression Inventory.). Psikoloji Dergisi 1988; 23: 3-13. Available from: https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10019355297/
29- Karlsson J, Persson LO, Sjöström L, Sullivan M. Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) in obese men and women. Results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1715-1725.
30- Karakuş SŞ, Yıldırım H, Büyüköztürk Ş. Üç faktörlü yeme ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması (Adaptation of three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ-21) into Turkish culture: a validity and reliability study). TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin 2016; 15(3): 229-237.
31- Shader RI. COVID-19 and Depression. Clin Ther 2020; 42: 962-963.
32- Zachary Z, Brianna F, Brianna L, Garrett P, Jade W, Alyssa D, et al. Self-quarantine and weight gain related risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14: 210-216.
33- Dilber A, Dilber F. The Effect of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Disease on the nutritional habits of individuals. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies 2020; 8: 2144-2162.
34- Błaszczyk-Bębenek E, Jagielski P, Bolesławska I, Jagielska A, Nitsch-Osuch A, Kawalec P. Nutrition behaviors in Polish adults before and during COVID-19 lockdown. Nutrients 2020; 12: 3084.
35- Hefni ME, Thomsson A, Witthöft CM. Bread making with sourdough and intact cereal and legume grains – effect on glycaemic index and glycaemic load. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 72(1): 134-142.
36- Heraclides AM, Chandola T, Witte DR, Brunner EJ. Work stress, obesity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: gender-specific bidirectional effect in the Whitehall II study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 428-433.
37- Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med 2019; 180: 934-943.
38- Mattioli AV, Sciomer S, Cocchi C, Maffei S, Gallina S. Quarantine during COVID-19 outbreak: changes in diet and physical activity increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30: 1409-1417.
39- Poelman MP, Gillebaart M, Schlinkert C, Dijkstra SC, Derksen E, Mensink F, et al. Eating behavior and food purchases during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study among adults in the Netherlands. Appetite 2020; 157: 105002.
40- Odriozola-González P, Planchuelo-Gómez Á, Irurtia MJ, de Luis-García R. Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Res 2020; 290: 113108.
41- Scarmozzino F, Visioli F. Covid-19 and the subsequent lockdown modified dietary habits of almost half the population in an Italian sample. Foods 2020; 9: 675.
42- Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: a review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 52: 102066.
43- Tyrrell J, Mulugeta A, Wood AR, Zhou A, Beaumont RN, Tuke MA, et al. Using genetics to understand the causal influence of higher BMI on depression. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 48: 834-848.
44- Milaneschi Y, Simmons WK, van Rossum EFC, Penninx BW. Depression and obesity: evidence of shared biological mechanisms. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24: 18-33.
45- Wurtman J, Wurtman R. The trajectory from mood to obesity. Curr Obes Rep 2018; 7: 1-5.
46- Konttinen H, Männistö S, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Silventoinen K, Haukkala A. Emotional eating, depressive symptoms and self-reported food consumption. A population-based study. Appetite 2010; 54: 473-479.
47- Hantsoo L, Epperson CN. Anxiety disorders among women: a female lifespan approach. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ) 2017; 15: 162–172.
48- Bongers P, Jansen A. Emotional eating is not what you think it is and emotional eating scales do not measure what you think they measure. Frontiers in Psychology 2016; 7: 1932.
49- Bryant EJ, King NA, Blundell JE. Disinhibition: its effects on appetite and weight regulation. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 490-419.
50- Espel-Huynh HM, Muratore AF, Lowe MR. A narrative review of the construct of hedonic hunger and its measurement by the Power of Food Scale. Obes Sci Pract 2018; 4: 238–249.
51- Hofmann W, Adriaanse M, Vohs KD, Baumeister RF. Dieting and the self-control of eating in everyday environments: an experience sampling study. Br J Health Psychol 2014; 19: 523–539.
52- Julien Sweerts S, Apfeldorfer G, Kureta-Vanoli K, Romo L. Les thérapies émotionnelles dans les problématiques de surpoids ou d’obésité (Emotional therapies for overweight or obesity). Encephale 2019; 45: 263–270.
53- de Lauzon-Guillain B, Clifton EA, Day FR, Clément K, Brage S, Forouhi NG, et al. Mediation and modification of genetic susceptibility to obesity by eating behaviors. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106: 996–1004.
54- Singh A, Bains K, Kaur H. Relationship of eating behaviors with age, anthropometric measurements, and body composition parameters among professional Indian women. Ecol Food Nutr 2017; 56: 411–423.
55- Banna J, Panizza C, Boushey C, Delp E, Lim E. Association between cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and BMI and the amount of food wasted in early adolescent girls. Nutrients 2018; 10: 1279.
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Çakır Biçer N, Baş M, Köse G, Şenol Duru P, Baş D, Karaca Çelik E, et al. Lockdown Changed Us in Turkey Eating Behaviors, Depression Levels, and Body Weight Changes during Lockdown: An Online Survey in Turkey. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2021 Oct. 7 [cited 2024 Nov. 5];23(3):e2021282. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/11856
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How to Cite
1.
Çakır Biçer N, Baş M, Köse G, Şenol Duru P, Baş D, Karaca Çelik E, et al. Lockdown Changed Us in Turkey Eating Behaviors, Depression Levels, and Body Weight Changes during Lockdown: An Online Survey in Turkey. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2021 Oct. 7 [cited 2024 Nov. 5];23(3):e2021282. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/11856
