Investigation of associations between the effects of COVID-19 fear on school administrators and nutrition and problematic eating behaviors
Main Article Content
Keywords
COVID-19, coronavirus, fear of COVID-19, eating behavior, nutrition, pandemic, school administrator, education
Abstract
Summary. The current study aims to explore associations between fear of COVID-19 among school administrators and nutrition and problematic eating behaviors. The sample of the descriptive research patterned on the survey model consists of 266 school administrators who participated in the research voluntarily and were determined according to the disproportionate cluster sampling technique. The data of the study were collected with the “Fear of COVID-19 Scale” and the “Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.” The results of the study revealed a positive relationship between school administrators’ COVID-19 fear and their nutritional behavior. This relationship was found to be higher in the “emotional eating” behavior dimension. Additionally, the COVID-19 fear levels of school administrators and their emotional eating behaviors differed according to the gender factor. In this context, female school administrators experienced higher COVID-19 fear levels and tended to be more prone to emotional eating behaviors. Again, the results of this study reveal that the fear of COVID-19 can significantly predict the nutritional behaviors of school administrators in the dimensions of external eating, emotional eating, and restrictive eating.
References
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13. Li R. Fear of COVID-19: what causes fear and how individuals cope with it. Health Communication 2021; https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1901423
14. Kaya S, Uzdil Z, Cakiroğlu FP. Evaluation of the effects of fear and anxiety on nutrition during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Public Health Nutrition 2021; 24(2): 282-89.
15. Ambelu A, Birhanu Z, Yitayih Y, Kebede Y, Mecha M, Abafita J,...Fufa D. Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia: an online cross-sectional study to identify the need for equal attention of intervention. Annals of General Psychiatry 2021; 20(1): 1-10.
16. Kavrayıcı, C., & Kesim, E. (2021). School Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic Process: A Qualitative Study. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 27(1), 1005-1060.
17. Karakose T. Global Education in the shadow of the novel coronavirus: Reflections on the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on education systems. Educational Process: International Journal 2020; 9(4): 201-04.
18. Kaptan S. Scientific research and statistical techniques (11th ed.) 1998; Ankara, Turkey: Tekışık Web Ofset.
19. Ahorsu DK, Lin C-Y, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020; Mar 27: 1–9.
20. Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Adaptation of the fear of COVID-19 Scale: its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020; May 8: 1-9.
21. Van Strien T, Konttinen H, Homberg JR, Engels RC, Winkens LH. Emotional eating as a mediator between depression and weight gain. Appetite 2016; 100: 216-24.
22. Bozan N. Validity and reliability of the dutch eating behavior (DEBQ) scale for Turkish university students (Unpublished Master’s thesis) 2009; Baskent University Health Sciences Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
23. Cihan G. Investigation of the relationship between stigma and eating behaviors and depression in obese individuals (Unpublished Master’s Thesis) 2019; Baskent University Health Sciences Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
24. Kaşmer N. Investigation of the relationship between eating style and tip effect in women, and the effectiveness of a psychoeducation program based on exposure and response prevention in obesity problem (pilot study) (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). 2014; Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
25. Bitan DT, Grossman-Giron A, Bloch Y, Mayer Y, Shiffman N, Mendlovic S. Fear of COVID-19 scale: psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Research 2020; 289: Article 113100.
26. Broche-Pérez Y, Fernández-Fleites Z, Jiménez-Puig E, Fernández-Castillo E, Rodríguez-Martin BC. Gender and fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban population sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
27. Özdin S, Bayrak Özdin Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 2020; 66(5): 504-11.
28. Reznik A, Gritsenko V, Konstantinov V, Khamenka N, Isralowitz R. COVID-19 fear in Eastern Europe: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020; May 12:1-6
29. Rossi R, Socci V, Talevi D, Mensi S, Niolu C, Pacitti F,….Di Lorenzo G. COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2020; 11: Article 790.
30. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS. Immediate psychological responses and 347 associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the 348 general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020; 17(5): Article 1729.
31. Yıldırım M, Geçer E, Akgül Ö. The impacts of vulnerability, perceived risk, and fear on preventive behaviours against COVID-19. Psychology, Health & Medicine 2021; 26(1): 35-43.
32. Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, Li Y. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: A quick online cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Biological Sciences 2020; 16(10): 1745-52.
33. Alon TM, Doepke M, Olmstead-Rumsey J, Tertilt M. The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality. National Bureau of Economic Research 2020; Working Paper 26947: http://www.nber.org/papers/w26947
34. Malkoc N, Yasar OM, Turgut M, Kerem M, Köse B, Atlı A, Sunay H. Healthy nutrition attitudes of sports science students. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2020; 22(3): e2020034.
35. Aoun C, Nassar L, Soumi S, El Osta N, Papazian T, Rabbaa Khabbaz L. The cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of eating habits and association with impulsivity, chronotype, anxiety, and depression: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2019; 13: Article 204.
36. Altinkurt Y, Karakose T. Ilkogretim okulu mudurlerinin etik liderlik davranislarina iliskin ogretmen gorusleri. Dumlupinar Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2009; 24: 269-80.
37. Ouwens MA, van Strien T, van Leeuwe JF. Possible pathways between depression, emotional and external eating. A structural equation model. Appetite 2009; 53(2): 245-48.
38. Bailly N, Maitre I, Amanda M, Hervé C, Alaphilippe D. The Dutch eating behaviour questionnaire (DEBQ). Assessment of eating behaviour in an aging French population. Appetite 2012; 59(3): 853-58.
39. Karakose T. An evaluation of the relationship between general practitioners’ job satisfaction and burnout levels. Studies on Ethno-Medicine 2014; 8(3): 239–44.
40. Karakose T. The relationship between medical students’ time management skills and academic achievement. Studies on Ethno-Medicine 2015; 9(1): 19-24.
41. Nagl M, Hilbert A, de Zwaan M, Braehler E, Kersting A. The German version of the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire: Psychometric properties, measurement invariance, and population‐based norms. PLoS One 2016; 11(9): e0162510.
42. Serin E, Koç MC. Examination of the eating behaviours and depression states of the university students who stay at home during the coronavirus pandemic in terms of different variables. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2020; 22(1-S):33-43.
43. Cecchetto C, Aiello M, Gentili C, Ionta S, Osimo SA. Increased emotional eating during COVID-19 associated with lockdown, psychological and social distress. Appetite 2021; 160: Article 105122.
44. Özer S, Okat Ç. Investigation of Individuals’ Eating Attitudes during the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Day. Journal of Turkish Tourism Research 2021; 5(1): 84-102.
45. Kasapoglu F. Examining the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and spiritual well-being. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 2020; 5(3): 341-54.
46. Caycho-Rodríguez T, Tomás JM, Barboza-Palomino M, Ventura-León J, Gallegos M, Reyes-Bossio M, Vilca LW. Assessment of fear of COVID-19 in older adults: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00438-2
47. Kassim MAM, Pang NTP, Mohamed NH, Kamu A, Ho CM, Ayu F,...Jeffree MS. Relationship between fear of COVID-19, psychopathology and sociodemographic variables in Malaysian population. International Journal of Mental Health and addiction 2021; Jan 7: 1-8.
48. Niño M, Harris C, Drawve G, Fitzpatrick KM. Race and ethnicity, gender, and age on perceived threats and fear of COVID-19: Evidence from two national data sources. SSM-population Health 2021; 13: Article 100717.
49. Pearl RL. Weight stigma and the “Quarantine‐15”. Obesity 2020; 28(7): 1180-181.
50. Cummings JR, Ackerman JM, Wolfson JA, Gearhardt, AN. COVID-19 stress and eating and drinking behaviors in the United States during the early stages of the pandemic. Appetite 2021; 162: Article 105163.
51. Papandreou C, Arija V, Aretouli E, Tsilidis KK, Bulló M. Comparing eating behaviours, and symptoms of depression and anxiety between Spain and Greece during the COVID‐19 outbreak: Cross-sectional analysis of two different confinement strategies. European Eating Disorders Review 2020; 28(6): 836-846.
52. Çulfa S, Yıldırım E, Bayram B. The relationship between obesity and changing nutrition habits in human during COVID-19 pandemic. Online Turkish Journal of Health Sciences 2021; 6(1): 135-42.
53. Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Boukhris O, Masmoudi L,…ECLB-COVID19 Consortium. Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey. Nutrients 2020; 12(6): Article 1583.
54. Karakose T, Malkoc N. Behavioral and interpersonal effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on frontline physicians working in Emergency Departments (EDs) and Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Acta Medica Mediterranea 2021; 37: 437-44.
55. Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Pivari F, Soldati L, Attinà A, Cinelli G,....De Lorenzo A. Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey. Journal of Translational Medicine 2020; 18: Article 229.
56. Izzo L, Santonastaso A, Cotticelli G, Federico A, Pacifico S, Castaldo L,…Ritieni A. An Italian survey on dietary habits and changes during the COVID-19 lockdown. Nutrients 2021; 13: Article 1197.
57. Naja F, Hamadeh R. Nutrition amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-level framework for action. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2020; 74: 1117-121.
58. Özlem A, Mehmet N. Eating Habits Changes During COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown. ESTÜDAM Public Health Journal 2020; 5: 169-77.
59. Sidor A, Rzymski P. Dietary choices and habits during COVID-19 lockdown: experience from Poland. Nutrients 2020; 12(6): Article 1657.
60. Kalkan Uğurlu Y, Mataracı Değirmenci D, Durgun H, Gök Uğur H. The examination of the relationship between nursing students’ depression, anxiety and stress levels and restrictive, emotional, and external eating behaviors in COVID‐19 social isolation process. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020; Dec 3: 10.1111/ppc.12703.
61. Shen W, Long LM, Shih CH, Ludy MJ. A Humanities-Based Explanation for the Effects of Emotional Eating and Perceived Stress on Food Choice Motives during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients 2020; 12(9): Article 2712.
62. Kuijer RG, Boyce JA. Emotional eating and its effect on eating behaviour after a natural disaster. Appetite 2021; 58(3): 936-39.
63. Lazarevich I, Camacho MEI, del Consuelo Velázquez-Alva M, & Zepeda MZ. Relationship among obesity, depression, and emotional eating in young adults. Appetite 2016; 107: 639-644.
64. Macht M. Characteristics of eating in anger, fear, sadness and joy. Appetite 1999; 33(1): 129-39.
65. Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1986; 5(2): 295-315.
2. Elemo AS, Ahmed AH, Kara E, Zerkeshi MA. The fear of COVID-19 and flourishing: assessing the mediating role of sense of control in international students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00522-1
3. Karakose T. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on higher education: opportunities and implications for policy and practice. Educational Process: International Journal 2021; 10(1): 7-12.
4. Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD. How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID19 epidemic? The Lancet 2020; 395(10228): 931-34.
5. Bellini MI, Pengel L, Potena L, Segantini L, ESOT COVID-19 Working Group. COVID-19 and education: restructuring after the pandemic. Transplant International 2021; 34(2): 220-23.
6. Paudel P. Online education: benefits, challenges and strategies during and after COVID-19 in higher education. International Journal on Studies in Education 2021; 3(2): 70-85.
7. Turkish Ministry of Health. Current situation in Turkey (Coronavirus) 2020; [Live data] https://bit.ly/2Hk2WXO
8. Balaman F, Hanbay Tiryaki S. the opinions of teachers about compulsory distance education due to corona virus (COVID-19). Journal of the Human and Social Science Researches 2021; 10(1): 52-84.
9. Eken Ö, Tosun N, Eken DT. Urgent and compulsory move to distance education upon COVID-19: a general evaluation. Milli Egitim Dergisi 2020; 49(1): 113-128.
10. Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD. The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders 2020; 2(1): 58-63.
11. Karakose T, Malkoc N. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical doctors in Turkey. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal 2021; 49(1): Article e9890.
12. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet 2020; 395: Article 10227.
13. Li R. Fear of COVID-19: what causes fear and how individuals cope with it. Health Communication 2021; https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1901423
14. Kaya S, Uzdil Z, Cakiroğlu FP. Evaluation of the effects of fear and anxiety on nutrition during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Public Health Nutrition 2021; 24(2): 282-89.
15. Ambelu A, Birhanu Z, Yitayih Y, Kebede Y, Mecha M, Abafita J,...Fufa D. Psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia: an online cross-sectional study to identify the need for equal attention of intervention. Annals of General Psychiatry 2021; 20(1): 1-10.
16. Kavrayıcı, C., & Kesim, E. (2021). School Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic Process: A Qualitative Study. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 27(1), 1005-1060.
17. Karakose T. Global Education in the shadow of the novel coronavirus: Reflections on the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on education systems. Educational Process: International Journal 2020; 9(4): 201-04.
18. Kaptan S. Scientific research and statistical techniques (11th ed.) 1998; Ankara, Turkey: Tekışık Web Ofset.
19. Ahorsu DK, Lin C-Y, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020; Mar 27: 1–9.
20. Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Adaptation of the fear of COVID-19 Scale: its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020; May 8: 1-9.
21. Van Strien T, Konttinen H, Homberg JR, Engels RC, Winkens LH. Emotional eating as a mediator between depression and weight gain. Appetite 2016; 100: 216-24.
22. Bozan N. Validity and reliability of the dutch eating behavior (DEBQ) scale for Turkish university students (Unpublished Master’s thesis) 2009; Baskent University Health Sciences Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
23. Cihan G. Investigation of the relationship between stigma and eating behaviors and depression in obese individuals (Unpublished Master’s Thesis) 2019; Baskent University Health Sciences Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
24. Kaşmer N. Investigation of the relationship between eating style and tip effect in women, and the effectiveness of a psychoeducation program based on exposure and response prevention in obesity problem (pilot study) (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). 2014; Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
25. Bitan DT, Grossman-Giron A, Bloch Y, Mayer Y, Shiffman N, Mendlovic S. Fear of COVID-19 scale: psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Research 2020; 289: Article 113100.
26. Broche-Pérez Y, Fernández-Fleites Z, Jiménez-Puig E, Fernández-Castillo E, Rodríguez-Martin BC. Gender and fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban population sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
27. Özdin S, Bayrak Özdin Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 2020; 66(5): 504-11.
28. Reznik A, Gritsenko V, Konstantinov V, Khamenka N, Isralowitz R. COVID-19 fear in Eastern Europe: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2020; May 12:1-6
29. Rossi R, Socci V, Talevi D, Mensi S, Niolu C, Pacitti F,….Di Lorenzo G. COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2020; 11: Article 790.
30. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS. Immediate psychological responses and 347 associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the 348 general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020; 17(5): Article 1729.
31. Yıldırım M, Geçer E, Akgül Ö. The impacts of vulnerability, perceived risk, and fear on preventive behaviours against COVID-19. Psychology, Health & Medicine 2021; 26(1): 35-43.
32. Zhong B-L, Luo W, Li H-M, Zhang Q-Q, Liu X-G, Li W-T, Li Y. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: A quick online cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Biological Sciences 2020; 16(10): 1745-52.
33. Alon TM, Doepke M, Olmstead-Rumsey J, Tertilt M. The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality. National Bureau of Economic Research 2020; Working Paper 26947: http://www.nber.org/papers/w26947
34. Malkoc N, Yasar OM, Turgut M, Kerem M, Köse B, Atlı A, Sunay H. Healthy nutrition attitudes of sports science students. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2020; 22(3): e2020034.
35. Aoun C, Nassar L, Soumi S, El Osta N, Papazian T, Rabbaa Khabbaz L. The cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of eating habits and association with impulsivity, chronotype, anxiety, and depression: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2019; 13: Article 204.
36. Altinkurt Y, Karakose T. Ilkogretim okulu mudurlerinin etik liderlik davranislarina iliskin ogretmen gorusleri. Dumlupinar Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2009; 24: 269-80.
37. Ouwens MA, van Strien T, van Leeuwe JF. Possible pathways between depression, emotional and external eating. A structural equation model. Appetite 2009; 53(2): 245-48.
38. Bailly N, Maitre I, Amanda M, Hervé C, Alaphilippe D. The Dutch eating behaviour questionnaire (DEBQ). Assessment of eating behaviour in an aging French population. Appetite 2012; 59(3): 853-58.
39. Karakose T. An evaluation of the relationship between general practitioners’ job satisfaction and burnout levels. Studies on Ethno-Medicine 2014; 8(3): 239–44.
40. Karakose T. The relationship between medical students’ time management skills and academic achievement. Studies on Ethno-Medicine 2015; 9(1): 19-24.
41. Nagl M, Hilbert A, de Zwaan M, Braehler E, Kersting A. The German version of the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire: Psychometric properties, measurement invariance, and population‐based norms. PLoS One 2016; 11(9): e0162510.
42. Serin E, Koç MC. Examination of the eating behaviours and depression states of the university students who stay at home during the coronavirus pandemic in terms of different variables. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2020; 22(1-S):33-43.
43. Cecchetto C, Aiello M, Gentili C, Ionta S, Osimo SA. Increased emotional eating during COVID-19 associated with lockdown, psychological and social distress. Appetite 2021; 160: Article 105122.
44. Özer S, Okat Ç. Investigation of Individuals’ Eating Attitudes during the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Day. Journal of Turkish Tourism Research 2021; 5(1): 84-102.
45. Kasapoglu F. Examining the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and spiritual well-being. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 2020; 5(3): 341-54.
46. Caycho-Rodríguez T, Tomás JM, Barboza-Palomino M, Ventura-León J, Gallegos M, Reyes-Bossio M, Vilca LW. Assessment of fear of COVID-19 in older adults: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00438-2
47. Kassim MAM, Pang NTP, Mohamed NH, Kamu A, Ho CM, Ayu F,...Jeffree MS. Relationship between fear of COVID-19, psychopathology and sociodemographic variables in Malaysian population. International Journal of Mental Health and addiction 2021; Jan 7: 1-8.
48. Niño M, Harris C, Drawve G, Fitzpatrick KM. Race and ethnicity, gender, and age on perceived threats and fear of COVID-19: Evidence from two national data sources. SSM-population Health 2021; 13: Article 100717.
49. Pearl RL. Weight stigma and the “Quarantine‐15”. Obesity 2020; 28(7): 1180-181.
50. Cummings JR, Ackerman JM, Wolfson JA, Gearhardt, AN. COVID-19 stress and eating and drinking behaviors in the United States during the early stages of the pandemic. Appetite 2021; 162: Article 105163.
51. Papandreou C, Arija V, Aretouli E, Tsilidis KK, Bulló M. Comparing eating behaviours, and symptoms of depression and anxiety between Spain and Greece during the COVID‐19 outbreak: Cross-sectional analysis of two different confinement strategies. European Eating Disorders Review 2020; 28(6): 836-846.
52. Çulfa S, Yıldırım E, Bayram B. The relationship between obesity and changing nutrition habits in human during COVID-19 pandemic. Online Turkish Journal of Health Sciences 2021; 6(1): 135-42.
53. Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Boukhris O, Masmoudi L,…ECLB-COVID19 Consortium. Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey. Nutrients 2020; 12(6): Article 1583.
54. Karakose T, Malkoc N. Behavioral and interpersonal effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on frontline physicians working in Emergency Departments (EDs) and Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Acta Medica Mediterranea 2021; 37: 437-44.
55. Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Pivari F, Soldati L, Attinà A, Cinelli G,....De Lorenzo A. Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey. Journal of Translational Medicine 2020; 18: Article 229.
56. Izzo L, Santonastaso A, Cotticelli G, Federico A, Pacifico S, Castaldo L,…Ritieni A. An Italian survey on dietary habits and changes during the COVID-19 lockdown. Nutrients 2021; 13: Article 1197.
57. Naja F, Hamadeh R. Nutrition amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-level framework for action. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2020; 74: 1117-121.
58. Özlem A, Mehmet N. Eating Habits Changes During COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown. ESTÜDAM Public Health Journal 2020; 5: 169-77.
59. Sidor A, Rzymski P. Dietary choices and habits during COVID-19 lockdown: experience from Poland. Nutrients 2020; 12(6): Article 1657.
60. Kalkan Uğurlu Y, Mataracı Değirmenci D, Durgun H, Gök Uğur H. The examination of the relationship between nursing students’ depression, anxiety and stress levels and restrictive, emotional, and external eating behaviors in COVID‐19 social isolation process. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2020; Dec 3: 10.1111/ppc.12703.
61. Shen W, Long LM, Shih CH, Ludy MJ. A Humanities-Based Explanation for the Effects of Emotional Eating and Perceived Stress on Food Choice Motives during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients 2020; 12(9): Article 2712.
62. Kuijer RG, Boyce JA. Emotional eating and its effect on eating behaviour after a natural disaster. Appetite 2021; 58(3): 936-39.
63. Lazarevich I, Camacho MEI, del Consuelo Velázquez-Alva M, & Zepeda MZ. Relationship among obesity, depression, and emotional eating in young adults. Appetite 2016; 107: 639-644.
64. Macht M. Characteristics of eating in anger, fear, sadness and joy. Appetite 1999; 33(1): 129-39.
65. Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1986; 5(2): 295-315.
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Karaköse T, Yirci R, Basyigit H, Kucukcakir A. Investigation of associations between the effects of COVID-19 fear on school administrators and nutrition and problematic eating behaviors. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2021 Jul. 2 [cited 2024 Dec. 26];23(2):e2021187. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/11656
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Karaköse T, Yirci R, Basyigit H, Kucukcakir A. Investigation of associations between the effects of COVID-19 fear on school administrators and nutrition and problematic eating behaviors. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2021 Jul. 2 [cited 2024 Dec. 26];23(2):e2021187. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/11656
