Behind the wall: a paleopathological examination of a non-adult subject from the cemetery of Santa Maria Maggiore, Vercelli
Main Article Content
Keywords
vitamin deficiency, scurvy, nonadults, Santa Maria Maggiore
Abstract
This study presents the anthropological and paleopathological investigation of Non-adult#1, an infant recovered from Funerary Unit 12 within the church of Santa Maria Maggiore in Vercelli, Italy. Non-adult#1 exhibited skeletal evidence suggestive of scurvy, characterized by diffuse porosity and new bone deposition in various skeletal elements. Through a comprehensive analysis incorporating macroscopic observations, skeletal measurements and cross-referencing with clinical and paleopathological literature, Non-adult#1 was classified as a probable case of scurvy. The interpretation of Non-adult#1's skeletal remains was further complicated by preservation challenges, incomplete mineralization and the fragmentary nature of the assemblage. Despite these complexities, Non-adult#1's pathology offers valuable insights into the health status and societal conditions of individuals in Modern Era northern Italy. This interdisciplinary approach underscores the importance of integrating archaeological, historical, and bioarchaeological perspectives to elucidate the complexities of past human health and well-being.
References
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Brickley, M., & Ives, R. (2006). Skeletal manifestations of infantile scurvy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129(2), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20265
Brickley, M., Ives, R., & Mays, S. (2020). The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease. Academic Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101020-4.00012-4
Buikstra, J. E. (2019). Ortner’s Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. Academic Press, Cambridge.
Buikstra, J. E., & Ubelaker, D. (1994). Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. . Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.
Caldano, S. (2019). Un cantiere per un capitolo canonicale di prestigio: Santa Maria Maggiore di Vercelli nel XII secolo. Arte Lombarda, 186/187(2–3), 71–84.
Clevis, H., & Constandse-Westermann, T. S. (1992). De doden vertellen : opgraving in de Broerenkerk te Zwolle 1987-88. Stichting Archeologie Ijssel, Kampen.
de Boer, H. H. H., & Van der Merwe, A. E. L. (2016). Diagnostic dry bone histology in human paleopathology. Clinical Anatomy, 29(7), 831–843. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22753
D’Ortenzio, L., Ribot, I., Raguin, E., Schattmann, A., Bertrand, B., Kahlon, B., & Brickley, M. (2016). The rachitic tooth: A histological examination. Journal of Archaeological Science, 74, 152–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.06.006
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Geber, J., & Murphy, E. (2012). Scurvy in the Great Irish Famine: Evidence of Vitamin C Deficiency From a Mid-19th Century Skeletal Population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 148(4), 512–524. https://doi.org/10.1002/AJPA.22066
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Larentis, O., Licata, M., Tonina, E., & Pangrazzi, C. (2023). Probable micronutrient deficiency diseases in a rural community. The nonadults of Mary’s Nativity church, 16th century, Trentino Alto-Adige, Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 47, 103774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103774
Larentis, O., Tonina, E., Iorio, S., Gorini, I., & Licata, M. (2020). Osteological evidence of metabolic diseases from a post medieval North Italy archaeological site. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 33(16), 2735–2742. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1560405
Lewis, D., Carpenter, C., Evans, A., & Thomas, P. (2006). Rickets and Scurvy presenting in a Child as apparent Non Accidental Injury. The Internet Journal of Orthopedic Surgery, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5580/119D
Licata, M., Tesi, C., Larentis, O., Destefanis, E., Garanzini, F., Ciliberti, R., & Fusco, R. (2024). Elongated styloid process of an autopsied skull from the Cemetery of Santa Maria Maggiore in Vercelli, 18th–19th century (Piedmont, northern Italy). Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 81(2), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1127/ANTHRANZ/2023/1671
Littleton, J. (1998). A middle eastern paradox: rickets in skeletons from Bahrain. Journal of Paleopathology, 10, 13–30.
Magiorkinis, E., Beloukas, A., & Diamantis, A. (2011). Scurvy: Past, present and future. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 22(2), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJIM.2010.10.006
Maiyegun, S. O., Malek, A. H., Devarajan, L. V., & Dahniya, M. H. (2002). Severe congenital rickets secondary to maternal hypovitaminosis D: A case report. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 22(2), 191–195. https://doi.org/10.1179/027249302125000940
Maresh, M. M. (1970). Measurements from Roentgenograms. In R. W. McCammon (Ed.), Human Growth and Development (pp. 157–200). C.C. Thomas, Springfield.
Mays, S. (2008). A likely case of scurvy from early Bronze Age Britain. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 18(2), 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1002/OA.930
Mays, S. (2014). The palaeopathology of scurvy in Europe. International Journal of Paleopathology, 5, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2013.09.001
Mays, S., Brickley, M., & Ives, R. (2006). Skeletal manifestation of rickets in infants and young children in a historic population from England. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129(3), 362–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20292
Meyer, A. (2016). Assessment of diet and recognition of nutritional deficiencies in paleopathological studies: A review. Clinical Anatomy, 29(7), 862–869. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22696
Minozzi, S., & Canci, A. (2015). Archeologia dei resti umani. Dallo scavo al laboratorio. Carocci Editore, Roma.
Novak, M., Vyroubal, V., Krncevic, Z., Petrinec, M., Howcroft, R., Pinhasi, R., & Slaus, M. (2018). Assessing childhood stress in early mediaeval Croatia by using multiple lines of inquiry. In Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 75(2), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2018/0819
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Ortner, D., & Ericksen, M. F. (1997). Bone changes in the human skull probably resulting from scurvy in infancy and childhood. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 7, 212–220.
Ortner, D. J., Butler, W., Cafarella, J., & Milligan, L. (2001). Evidence of probable scurvy in subadults from archeological sites in North America. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114(4), 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1046
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Resnick, D., & Niwayama, G. (1988). Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Ribot, I., & Roberts, C. (1996). A Study of Non-specific Stress Indicators and Skeletal Growth in Two Mediaeval Subadult Populations. Journal of Archaeological Science, 23(1), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1006/JASC.1996.0006
Saunders, S., Hoppa, R., & Southern, R. (1993). Diaphyseal growth in a nineteenth century skeletal sample of subadults from St Thomas’ church, Belleville, Ontario. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 3(4), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/OA.1390030405
Schattmann, A., Bertrand, B., Vatteoni, S., & Brickley, M. (2016). Approaches to co-occurrence: Scurvy and rickets in infants and young children of 16-18th century Douai, France. International Journal of Paleopathology, 12, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2015.12.002
Scheuer, Louise., & Black, S. M. (2000). Developmental juvenile osteology. Academic Press, Cambridge.
Snoddy, A. M. E., Buckley, H. R., Elliott, G. E., Standen, V. G., Arriaza, B. T., & Halcrow, S. E. (2018). Macroscopic features of scurvy in human skeletal remains: A literature synthesis and diagnostic guide. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 167(4), 876–895. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23699
Sommo, G. (2008). Vercelli e la memoria dell’antico. Schede e documenti per un approccio alla storia ed ai problemi dell’archeologia, della tutela e conservazione in un centro della provincia piemontese. Edizione elettronica archeovercelli.it. Gruppo Archeologico Vercellese.
Stark, R. J. (2014). A proposed framework for the study of paleopathological cases of subadult scurvy. International Journal of Paleopathology, 5, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2014.01.005
Thaler, R., Khani, F., Sturmlechner, I., Dehghani, S. S., Denbeigh, J. M., Zhou, X., Pichurin, O., Dudakovic, A., Jerez, S. S., Zhong, J., Lee, J. H., Natarajan, R., Kalajzic, I., Jiang, Y. hui, Deyle, D. R., Paschalis, E. P., Misof, B. M., Ordog, T., & van Wijnen, A. J. (2022). Vitamin C epigenetically controls osteogenesis and bone mineralization. Nature Communications, 13(1), 5883. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32915-8
Tibaldeschi G. (1996). La Chiesa di S. Maria Maggiore di Vercelli e l’Assunzione di Paolo Borroni. Bollettino Storico Vercellese, 2, 131–150.
Trapani, S., Rubino, C., Indolfi, G., & Lionetti, P. (2022). A Narrative Review on Pediatric Scurvy: The Last Twenty Years. In Nutrients, 14(3), 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030684
Ubelaker, D. H. (1989). Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis, lnterpretation. Taraxacum.
Vanni, A., & Fusco, R. (2023). Companions in eternity. The historical practice of burying pets. In Journal of Bioarchaeological Research, 1(3), e2023023. Retrieved from https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/JBR/article/view/15466
Vanni, A., Fusco, R., Tesi, C., & Licata, M. (2024). Autopsy or anatomical dissection? Comparative analysis of an osteoarchaeological sample from an 18-19th century hypogeal cemetery (northern Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 54, 104418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104418
Veselka, B., Hoogland, M. L. P., & Waters-Rist, A. L. (2015). Rural Rickets: vitamin D deficiency in a post-medieval farming community from the Netherlands. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 25, 665–675.
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Bettin, S. (2022). Archeologia e antropologia fisica a Santa Maria Maggiore di Vercelli [Corso di Laurea Triennale in Lettere]. Università del Piemonte Orientale.
Blondiaux, G., Blondiaux, J., Secousse, F., Cotten, A., Danze, P. M., & Flipo, R. M. (2002). Rickets and child abuse: the case of a two year old girl from the 4th century in Lisieux (Normandy). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 12(3), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/OA.616
Brickley, M. B., & Mays, S. (2019). Metabolic Disease. In J.E. Buikstra (Ed), Ortner’s Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains, (pp. 531–566). Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809738-0.00015-6
Brickley, M. B., Mays, S., George, M., & Prowse, T. L. (2018). Analysis of patterning in the occurrence of skeletal lesions used as indicators of vitamin D deficiency in subadult and adult skeletal remains. International Journal of Paleopathology, 23, 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.01.001
Brickley, M. B., Moffat, T., & Watamaniuk, L. (2014). Biocultural perspectives of vitamin D deficiency in the past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 36(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2014.08.002
Brickley, M., & Ives, R. (2006). Skeletal manifestations of infantile scurvy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129(2), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20265
Brickley, M., Ives, R., & Mays, S. (2020). The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease. Academic Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101020-4.00012-4
Buikstra, J. E. (2019). Ortner’s Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. Academic Press, Cambridge.
Buikstra, J. E., & Ubelaker, D. (1994). Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. . Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.
Caldano, S. (2019). Un cantiere per un capitolo canonicale di prestigio: Santa Maria Maggiore di Vercelli nel XII secolo. Arte Lombarda, 186/187(2–3), 71–84.
Clevis, H., & Constandse-Westermann, T. S. (1992). De doden vertellen : opgraving in de Broerenkerk te Zwolle 1987-88. Stichting Archeologie Ijssel, Kampen.
de Boer, H. H. H., & Van der Merwe, A. E. L. (2016). Diagnostic dry bone histology in human paleopathology. Clinical Anatomy, 29(7), 831–843. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22753
D’Ortenzio, L., Ribot, I., Raguin, E., Schattmann, A., Bertrand, B., Kahlon, B., & Brickley, M. (2016). The rachitic tooth: A histological examination. Journal of Archaeological Science, 74, 152–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.06.006
Ellis, M. A. B. (2014). A Disciplined Childhood in Nineteenth-Century New York City: A Social Bioarchaeology of the Subadults of the Spring Street Presbyterian Church. Tracing Childhood, 139–156. https://doi.org/10.5744/FLORIDA/9780813049830.003.0008
Fusco, R., Messina, C., Tesi, C., & Vanni, A. (2023). “Capta est ne malitia mutaret intelletum eius.” Study on a natural mummy from an underground cemetery (18-19th century). Medicina Historica, 7(2), e2023044. Retrieved from https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/MedHistor/article/view/15140
Garanzini, F., Destefanis, E., Fusco, R., & Licata, M. (2023). Vercelli. Chiesa concattedrale di S. Maria Maggiore. Indagini bioarcheologiche. Notiziario Della Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per Le Province Di Biella Novara Verbano-Cusio-Ossola e Vercelli, 7, 114–118.
Geber, J., & Murphy, E. (2012). Scurvy in the Great Irish Famine: Evidence of Vitamin C Deficiency From a Mid-19th Century Skeletal Population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 148(4), 512–524. https://doi.org/10.1002/AJPA.22066
Giuffra, V., Vitiello, A., Caramella, D., Fornaciari, A., Giustini, D., & Fornaciari, G. (2015). Rickets in a High Social Class of Renaissance Italy: The Medici Children. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 25(5), 608–624. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2324
Guy, H., Masset, C., & Baud, C. A. (1997). Infant taphonomy. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 7, 221–229.
Henderson, C., Evans-Lacko, S., & Thornicroft, G. (2013). Mental Illness Stigma, Help Seeking, and Public Health Programs. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 777–780. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301056
Larentis, O., Licata, M., Tonina, E., & Pangrazzi, C. (2023). Probable micronutrient deficiency diseases in a rural community. The nonadults of Mary’s Nativity church, 16th century, Trentino Alto-Adige, Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 47, 103774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103774
Larentis, O., Tonina, E., Iorio, S., Gorini, I., & Licata, M. (2020). Osteological evidence of metabolic diseases from a post medieval North Italy archaeological site. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 33(16), 2735–2742. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1560405
Lewis, D., Carpenter, C., Evans, A., & Thomas, P. (2006). Rickets and Scurvy presenting in a Child as apparent Non Accidental Injury. The Internet Journal of Orthopedic Surgery, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5580/119D
Licata, M., Tesi, C., Larentis, O., Destefanis, E., Garanzini, F., Ciliberti, R., & Fusco, R. (2024). Elongated styloid process of an autopsied skull from the Cemetery of Santa Maria Maggiore in Vercelli, 18th–19th century (Piedmont, northern Italy). Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 81(2), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1127/ANTHRANZ/2023/1671
Littleton, J. (1998). A middle eastern paradox: rickets in skeletons from Bahrain. Journal of Paleopathology, 10, 13–30.
Magiorkinis, E., Beloukas, A., & Diamantis, A. (2011). Scurvy: Past, present and future. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 22(2), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJIM.2010.10.006
Maiyegun, S. O., Malek, A. H., Devarajan, L. V., & Dahniya, M. H. (2002). Severe congenital rickets secondary to maternal hypovitaminosis D: A case report. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 22(2), 191–195. https://doi.org/10.1179/027249302125000940
Maresh, M. M. (1970). Measurements from Roentgenograms. In R. W. McCammon (Ed.), Human Growth and Development (pp. 157–200). C.C. Thomas, Springfield.
Mays, S. (2008). A likely case of scurvy from early Bronze Age Britain. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 18(2), 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1002/OA.930
Mays, S. (2014). The palaeopathology of scurvy in Europe. International Journal of Paleopathology, 5, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2013.09.001
Mays, S., Brickley, M., & Ives, R. (2006). Skeletal manifestation of rickets in infants and young children in a historic population from England. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 129(3), 362–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20292
Meyer, A. (2016). Assessment of diet and recognition of nutritional deficiencies in paleopathological studies: A review. Clinical Anatomy, 29(7), 862–869. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22696
Minozzi, S., & Canci, A. (2015). Archeologia dei resti umani. Dallo scavo al laboratorio. Carocci Editore, Roma.
Novak, M., Vyroubal, V., Krncevic, Z., Petrinec, M., Howcroft, R., Pinhasi, R., & Slaus, M. (2018). Assessing childhood stress in early mediaeval Croatia by using multiple lines of inquiry. In Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 75(2), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2018/0819
Ortner, D. (2003). Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. Academic Press, Cambridge.
Ortner, D., & Ericksen, M. F. (1997). Bone changes in the human skull probably resulting from scurvy in infancy and childhood. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 7, 212–220.
Ortner, D. J., Butler, W., Cafarella, J., & Milligan, L. (2001). Evidence of probable scurvy in subadults from archeological sites in North America. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 114(4), 343–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1046
Ortner, D. J., Kimmerle, E. H., & Diez, M. (1999). Probable Evidence of Scurvy in Subadults From Archeological Sites in Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 108, 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199903)108:3
Ortner, D., & Mays, S. (1998). Dry-bone manifestations of rickets in infancy and early childhood. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 8, 45–55.
Resnick, D., & Niwayama, G. (1988). Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Ribot, I., & Roberts, C. (1996). A Study of Non-specific Stress Indicators and Skeletal Growth in Two Mediaeval Subadult Populations. Journal of Archaeological Science, 23(1), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1006/JASC.1996.0006
Saunders, S., Hoppa, R., & Southern, R. (1993). Diaphyseal growth in a nineteenth century skeletal sample of subadults from St Thomas’ church, Belleville, Ontario. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 3(4), 265–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/OA.1390030405
Schattmann, A., Bertrand, B., Vatteoni, S., & Brickley, M. (2016). Approaches to co-occurrence: Scurvy and rickets in infants and young children of 16-18th century Douai, France. International Journal of Paleopathology, 12, 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2015.12.002
Scheuer, Louise., & Black, S. M. (2000). Developmental juvenile osteology. Academic Press, Cambridge.
Snoddy, A. M. E., Buckley, H. R., Elliott, G. E., Standen, V. G., Arriaza, B. T., & Halcrow, S. E. (2018). Macroscopic features of scurvy in human skeletal remains: A literature synthesis and diagnostic guide. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 167(4), 876–895. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23699
Sommo, G. (2008). Vercelli e la memoria dell’antico. Schede e documenti per un approccio alla storia ed ai problemi dell’archeologia, della tutela e conservazione in un centro della provincia piemontese. Edizione elettronica archeovercelli.it. Gruppo Archeologico Vercellese.
Stark, R. J. (2014). A proposed framework for the study of paleopathological cases of subadult scurvy. International Journal of Paleopathology, 5, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2014.01.005
Thaler, R., Khani, F., Sturmlechner, I., Dehghani, S. S., Denbeigh, J. M., Zhou, X., Pichurin, O., Dudakovic, A., Jerez, S. S., Zhong, J., Lee, J. H., Natarajan, R., Kalajzic, I., Jiang, Y. hui, Deyle, D. R., Paschalis, E. P., Misof, B. M., Ordog, T., & van Wijnen, A. J. (2022). Vitamin C epigenetically controls osteogenesis and bone mineralization. Nature Communications, 13(1), 5883. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32915-8
Tibaldeschi G. (1996). La Chiesa di S. Maria Maggiore di Vercelli e l’Assunzione di Paolo Borroni. Bollettino Storico Vercellese, 2, 131–150.
Trapani, S., Rubino, C., Indolfi, G., & Lionetti, P. (2022). A Narrative Review on Pediatric Scurvy: The Last Twenty Years. In Nutrients, 14(3), 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030684
Ubelaker, D. H. (1989). Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis, lnterpretation. Taraxacum.
Vanni, A., & Fusco, R. (2023). Companions in eternity. The historical practice of burying pets. In Journal of Bioarchaeological Research, 1(3), e2023023. Retrieved from https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/JBR/article/view/15466
Vanni, A., Fusco, R., Tesi, C., & Licata, M. (2024). Autopsy or anatomical dissection? Comparative analysis of an osteoarchaeological sample from an 18-19th century hypogeal cemetery (northern Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 54, 104418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104418
Veselka, B., Hoogland, M. L. P., & Waters-Rist, A. L. (2015). Rural Rickets: vitamin D deficiency in a post-medieval farming community from the Netherlands. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 25, 665–675.
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Apr 11, 2024
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Behind the wall: a paleopathological examination of a non-adult subject from the cemetery of Santa Maria Maggiore, Vercelli. JBR [Internet]. 2024 Apr. 11 [cited 2024 Jun. 30];2(1):e2024005. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/JBR/article/view/15809
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Case Report: Paleopathology
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Behind the wall: a paleopathological examination of a non-adult subject from the cemetery of Santa Maria Maggiore, Vercelli. JBR [Internet]. 2024 Apr. 11 [cited 2024 Jun. 30];2(1):e2024005. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/JBR/article/view/15809