Human remains: European legislative perspective on the limit between forensic and archaeological jurisdiction with special regard to war graves
Main Article Content
Keywords
Mass grave, Recovery, Chronological boundary, Reburial
Abstract
The definition of the jurisdiction of human remains from mass graves related to war crimes, committed in Europe during the two World Wars and civil wars, is to be considered a contemporary topic because of the still existing heterogeneous European legal situation and undefined delineation of pertinences. The excavation of these burial sites is complex mainly because of the ethical issues hidden behind the treatment of human remains, especially those concerning violations of human rights, and the concurrent need for both forensic competencies and archaeological-anthropological ones that result in different handling practices adopted by each country.
Since there are no standardized and recognized protocols regarding the excavation of mass graves, there is also a difference in the chronological limits for a burial to be defined of forensic interest/competence, opening an investigation to prosecute the guilty parties, or of historical-archaeological one, collecting data to evaluate the bio-demographic characteristics of a population.
This review of the literature aims to briefly summarize three key points for each state: the existence of a law explicating a chronological threshold between forensic and archaeological jurisdiction, the related pertinence of the excavation of human remains and the establishment of regulations respecting the reburial of human remains.
References
Amore, M. G. (2011) Albania/Shqipëria. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 3-8). Routledge Handbooks
Davadie, A., & Koehler, H. (2021) Human bones, archaeology and interdisciplinary research in France: From excavation to conservation for research. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health, 18, 100675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100675.
De Decker, S. (2021). News from the Western Front: Guidelines for the excavation of casualties of the First and Second World War (Flanders, Belgium). Forensic Sci. Int., 319, 110649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110649
Djurić, M., & Starović, A. (2011) Serbia/Srbija. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 375-390). Routledge Handbooks
Djurić, M., & Pavlović, T. (2021). Excavation of mass graves with Serbian context: Complexity of the political milieu. Forensic Sci Int., 319, 110657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110657
Dudás, E., Stier, M., & Czidor, D. (2021) Forensic investigation of war graves from WWI and WWII in Hungary. Forensic Sci. Int., 320, 110688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110688.
Eliopoulos, C., Moraitis, K., Vanna, V., & Manolis, S. (2011) Greece/ΕΛΛΑΔΑ. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 173-183). Routledge Handbooks
Etxeberria, F., Herrasti, L., Serrulla, F., & Márquez-Grant, N. (2015). Contemporary exhumations in Spain: recovering the missing from the Spanish Civil War. In M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant & R. Janaway(eds), Forensic Archaeology: Global Perspectives (pp. 489-497). Wiley- Blackwell
Etxeberria, F., González-Ruibal, A., Herrasti, L., Márquez-Grant, N., Muñoz, L., & Ramos, J. (2021) Twenty years of forensic archaeology and anthropology of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and Francoist Regime. Forensic Sci Int Synerg. 2;3: 100159. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.fsisyn.2021.100159.
Gál, S. S. (2011) Romania/România. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 355-362). Routledge Handbooks
Gaudio, D., Cattaneo, C., Galassi, A., & Nicolis, F. (2020) Men at war, recovery and analysis of soldiers' remains from the WWI and WWII Italian Front. Forensic Sci Int., 317, 110533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110533
Ghaleb, S. S., Elwahab Hassan, D. A., Elroby, F. A., Mogassabi, K. R., & Attia Alemam, A. (2019). Identification of victims from mass grave discovery near Benghazi, Libya. J Forensic Leg Med., 67, 24–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2019.07.012
Hausmair, B., Theune, C., & Stadler, H. (2021). Handling "war graves": The current situation in Austria. Forensic Sci. Int., 318, 110570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110570
Herrasti, L., Márquez-Grant, N., & Etxeberria, F. (2021). Spanish Civil War: The recovery and identification of combatants. Forensic Sci. Int., 320, 110706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110706
Huffine, E., Crews, J., Kennedy, B., Bomberger, K., & Zinbo, A. (2001). Mass identification of persons missing from the break-up of the former Yugoslavia: structure, function, and role of the International Commission on Missing Persons. Croat. Med. J., 42(3), 271–275.
Indra, L., Straub, K., Schulz, W., Balsam, R., Ockert, W., Nowack, S., & Laue, A. (2020). Missing, not Forgotten. The German Association for the Recovery of the Fallen in Eastern Europe (VBGO e.V.). Forensic Sci. Int., 316, 110473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110473
Jamnik, P. (2015) Inclusion of archaeology in criminal investigations – Slovenia. In W. J. M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R. Janaway (eds.), Forensic Archaeology: A Global Perspective (pp. 165-172). John Wiley & Sons
Jankauskas, R. (2011) Lithuania/Lietuva. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 249-256). Routledge Handbooks
Jankauskas, R. (2015). Forensic archaeology in Lithuania. In W.J.M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R.C. Janaway (eds), Forensic archaeology (pp. 99-108). John Wiley & Sons
Knüsel, C., & Maureille, B. (2018) Archaeological Approaches to Human Remains: France. In B. O'Donnabhain, & M. Lozada (eds), Archaeological Human Remains. Legacies of Imperialism, Communism and Colonialism (pp. 57-80). Springer
Košir, U. (2020). When Violins Fell Silent: Archaeological Traces of Mass Executions of Romani People in Slovenia. European Journal of Archaeology, 23(2): 250-271. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.58
Lagia, Α., Papathanasiou, A., & Triantaphyllou, S. (2014). The State of Approaches to Archaeological Human Remains in Greece. In O’Donnabhain, B., Lozada, M. (eds), Archaeological Human Remains (pp. 105-126). SpringerBriefs in Archaeology, Springer
Lorkiewicz, W., Teul, I., & Kubacka, P. (2011) Poland/Polska. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 330-339). Routledge Handbooks
Mant, A. K. (1987) Knowledge acquired from post-war exhumations. In Boddington, A., Garland, A. N., & Jenaway, R. C. (eds), Death, decay and reconstruction: approaches to archaeology and forensic science (pp. 65-78). Manchester University Press
Márquez-Grant, N., Rissech, C., López-Costas, O., Alemán, I., & Dobón, L. C. (2011) Spain/España. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 422-438). Routledge Handbooks
Masnicová, S., Beňuš, R., & Obertová, Z. (2015) Forensic archaeology in the Slovak Republic. In W. J. M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R. Janaway (eds.), Forensic Archaeology: A Global Perspective (pp. 159-163). John Wiley & Sons
Mathieu, A. (2019) Les restes humains et l’archéologie : état des lieux juridique. Can. J. Bioethics./Rev. Canad. Bioethique. 2: 201-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1066477ar .
Michel, J., & Charlier, P. (2011) France. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 151-164). Routledge Handbooks
Moraitis, K., & Eliopoulos, C. (2015) Forensic archaeology in Greece. In W. J. M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R. Janaway (eds.), Forensic Archaeology: A Global Perspective (pp. 77-81). John Wiley & Sons
Putško, M., Bordáč, M., Beljak, J., & Krajčovič, J. (2021). Forgotten in time: The state of legislation, recovery, identification, and repatriation of World War I and II soldiers in Slovakia. Forensic Sci. Int., 319, 110673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110673
Quintelier, B., Malevez, A., Orban, R., Toussaint, M, Vandenbruaene, M., & Yernaux, G. (2011) Belgium/België/Belgique/Belgien. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 47-62). Routledge Handbooks
Schermer, S. J., Shukriu, E., & Deskaj, S. (2011) Kosovo/Kosova. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 235-248). Routledge Handbooks
Schmitt, S. (2002) Mass graves and the collection of forensic evidence: genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. In Haglund, W. D., & Sorg, M. H. (eds), Advances in forensic taphonomy; Method, theory and archaeological perspectives (pp. 277-292). CRC Press LLC
Skinner M. (1987) Planning the archaeological recovery of evidence from recent mass graves. Forensic Sci Int. 34(4): 267-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(87)90040-5
Šlaus, M., & Petaros, A. (2015) Croatia (Hrvatska): from WWII and the 1991 war to contemporary forensic cases. In W. J. M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R. Janaway (eds.), Forensic Archaeology: A Global Perspective (pp. 39-45). John Wiley & Sons
Strinovic, D., Skavic, J., Kostovic, I., Henigsberg, N., Judas, M., & Clark, D. (1994). Identification of war victims in Croatia. Medicine, science, and the law, 34(3), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/002580249403400304
Tegako, L., & Sorokina, O. (2011) Belarus/БEЛAPУCЬ. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 41-46). Routledge Handbooks
Thannhäuser, A., Szleszkowski, Ł., & Jurek, T. (2021). Unidentified human remains discovered within Polish territory: Traces of the difficult history of the twentieth century. Forensic Sci. Int., 318, 110608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110608
The Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (2016) https://ipn.gov.pl/en/about-the-institute/documents/327,The-Act-on-the-Institute-of-National-Remembrance.html
United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ProtectionOfCivilianPersons.aspx
United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2022) Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance, training package. https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_en.pdf
Velemínský, P., Dobisíková, M, Maxová, E., & Velemínská, J. (2015) Forensic archaeology in the Czech Republic. In W. J. M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R. Janaway (eds.), Forensic Archaeology: A Global Perspective (pp. 47-54). John Wiley & Sons
Davadie, A., & Koehler, H. (2021) Human bones, archaeology and interdisciplinary research in France: From excavation to conservation for research. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health, 18, 100675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100675.
De Decker, S. (2021). News from the Western Front: Guidelines for the excavation of casualties of the First and Second World War (Flanders, Belgium). Forensic Sci. Int., 319, 110649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110649
Djurić, M., & Starović, A. (2011) Serbia/Srbija. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 375-390). Routledge Handbooks
Djurić, M., & Pavlović, T. (2021). Excavation of mass graves with Serbian context: Complexity of the political milieu. Forensic Sci Int., 319, 110657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110657
Dudás, E., Stier, M., & Czidor, D. (2021) Forensic investigation of war graves from WWI and WWII in Hungary. Forensic Sci. Int., 320, 110688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110688.
Eliopoulos, C., Moraitis, K., Vanna, V., & Manolis, S. (2011) Greece/ΕΛΛΑΔΑ. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 173-183). Routledge Handbooks
Etxeberria, F., Herrasti, L., Serrulla, F., & Márquez-Grant, N. (2015). Contemporary exhumations in Spain: recovering the missing from the Spanish Civil War. In M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant & R. Janaway(eds), Forensic Archaeology: Global Perspectives (pp. 489-497). Wiley- Blackwell
Etxeberria, F., González-Ruibal, A., Herrasti, L., Márquez-Grant, N., Muñoz, L., & Ramos, J. (2021) Twenty years of forensic archaeology and anthropology of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and Francoist Regime. Forensic Sci Int Synerg. 2;3: 100159. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.fsisyn.2021.100159.
Gál, S. S. (2011) Romania/România. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 355-362). Routledge Handbooks
Gaudio, D., Cattaneo, C., Galassi, A., & Nicolis, F. (2020) Men at war, recovery and analysis of soldiers' remains from the WWI and WWII Italian Front. Forensic Sci Int., 317, 110533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110533
Ghaleb, S. S., Elwahab Hassan, D. A., Elroby, F. A., Mogassabi, K. R., & Attia Alemam, A. (2019). Identification of victims from mass grave discovery near Benghazi, Libya. J Forensic Leg Med., 67, 24–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2019.07.012
Hausmair, B., Theune, C., & Stadler, H. (2021). Handling "war graves": The current situation in Austria. Forensic Sci. Int., 318, 110570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110570
Herrasti, L., Márquez-Grant, N., & Etxeberria, F. (2021). Spanish Civil War: The recovery and identification of combatants. Forensic Sci. Int., 320, 110706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110706
Huffine, E., Crews, J., Kennedy, B., Bomberger, K., & Zinbo, A. (2001). Mass identification of persons missing from the break-up of the former Yugoslavia: structure, function, and role of the International Commission on Missing Persons. Croat. Med. J., 42(3), 271–275.
Indra, L., Straub, K., Schulz, W., Balsam, R., Ockert, W., Nowack, S., & Laue, A. (2020). Missing, not Forgotten. The German Association for the Recovery of the Fallen in Eastern Europe (VBGO e.V.). Forensic Sci. Int., 316, 110473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110473
Jamnik, P. (2015) Inclusion of archaeology in criminal investigations – Slovenia. In W. J. M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R. Janaway (eds.), Forensic Archaeology: A Global Perspective (pp. 165-172). John Wiley & Sons
Jankauskas, R. (2011) Lithuania/Lietuva. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 249-256). Routledge Handbooks
Jankauskas, R. (2015). Forensic archaeology in Lithuania. In W.J.M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R.C. Janaway (eds), Forensic archaeology (pp. 99-108). John Wiley & Sons
Knüsel, C., & Maureille, B. (2018) Archaeological Approaches to Human Remains: France. In B. O'Donnabhain, & M. Lozada (eds), Archaeological Human Remains. Legacies of Imperialism, Communism and Colonialism (pp. 57-80). Springer
Košir, U. (2020). When Violins Fell Silent: Archaeological Traces of Mass Executions of Romani People in Slovenia. European Journal of Archaeology, 23(2): 250-271. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2019.58
Lagia, Α., Papathanasiou, A., & Triantaphyllou, S. (2014). The State of Approaches to Archaeological Human Remains in Greece. In O’Donnabhain, B., Lozada, M. (eds), Archaeological Human Remains (pp. 105-126). SpringerBriefs in Archaeology, Springer
Lorkiewicz, W., Teul, I., & Kubacka, P. (2011) Poland/Polska. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 330-339). Routledge Handbooks
Mant, A. K. (1987) Knowledge acquired from post-war exhumations. In Boddington, A., Garland, A. N., & Jenaway, R. C. (eds), Death, decay and reconstruction: approaches to archaeology and forensic science (pp. 65-78). Manchester University Press
Márquez-Grant, N., Rissech, C., López-Costas, O., Alemán, I., & Dobón, L. C. (2011) Spain/España. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 422-438). Routledge Handbooks
Masnicová, S., Beňuš, R., & Obertová, Z. (2015) Forensic archaeology in the Slovak Republic. In W. J. M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R. Janaway (eds.), Forensic Archaeology: A Global Perspective (pp. 159-163). John Wiley & Sons
Mathieu, A. (2019) Les restes humains et l’archéologie : état des lieux juridique. Can. J. Bioethics./Rev. Canad. Bioethique. 2: 201-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1066477ar .
Michel, J., & Charlier, P. (2011) France. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 151-164). Routledge Handbooks
Moraitis, K., & Eliopoulos, C. (2015) Forensic archaeology in Greece. In W. J. M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R. Janaway (eds.), Forensic Archaeology: A Global Perspective (pp. 77-81). John Wiley & Sons
Putško, M., Bordáč, M., Beljak, J., & Krajčovič, J. (2021). Forgotten in time: The state of legislation, recovery, identification, and repatriation of World War I and II soldiers in Slovakia. Forensic Sci. Int., 319, 110673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110673
Quintelier, B., Malevez, A., Orban, R., Toussaint, M, Vandenbruaene, M., & Yernaux, G. (2011) Belgium/België/Belgique/Belgien. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 47-62). Routledge Handbooks
Schermer, S. J., Shukriu, E., & Deskaj, S. (2011) Kosovo/Kosova. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 235-248). Routledge Handbooks
Schmitt, S. (2002) Mass graves and the collection of forensic evidence: genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. In Haglund, W. D., & Sorg, M. H. (eds), Advances in forensic taphonomy; Method, theory and archaeological perspectives (pp. 277-292). CRC Press LLC
Skinner M. (1987) Planning the archaeological recovery of evidence from recent mass graves. Forensic Sci Int. 34(4): 267-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(87)90040-5
Šlaus, M., & Petaros, A. (2015) Croatia (Hrvatska): from WWII and the 1991 war to contemporary forensic cases. In W. J. M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R. Janaway (eds.), Forensic Archaeology: A Global Perspective (pp. 39-45). John Wiley & Sons
Strinovic, D., Skavic, J., Kostovic, I., Henigsberg, N., Judas, M., & Clark, D. (1994). Identification of war victims in Croatia. Medicine, science, and the law, 34(3), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/002580249403400304
Tegako, L., & Sorokina, O. (2011) Belarus/БEЛAPУCЬ. In N. Márquez-Grant, & L. Fibiger (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation. An international guide to laws and practice in the excavation and treatment of archaeological human remains (pp. 41-46). Routledge Handbooks
Thannhäuser, A., Szleszkowski, Ł., & Jurek, T. (2021). Unidentified human remains discovered within Polish territory: Traces of the difficult history of the twentieth century. Forensic Sci. Int., 318, 110608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110608
The Act on the Institute of National Remembrance (2016) https://ipn.gov.pl/en/about-the-institute/documents/327,The-Act-on-the-Institute-of-National-Remembrance.html
United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ProtectionOfCivilianPersons.aspx
United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2022) Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance, training package. https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/guidingprinciplesbusinesshr_en.pdf
Velemínský, P., Dobisíková, M, Maxová, E., & Velemínská, J. (2015) Forensic archaeology in the Czech Republic. In W. J. M. Groen, N. Márquez-Grant, & R. Janaway (eds.), Forensic Archaeology: A Global Perspective (pp. 47-54). John Wiley & Sons
Article Sidebar
Published
Jun 14, 2023
Article Details
How to Cite
1.
Human remains: European legislative perspective on the limit between forensic and archaeological jurisdiction with special regard to war graves. JBR [Internet]. 2023 Jun. 14 [cited 2024 Jun. 30];1(2):e2023016. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/JBR/article/view/14703
Issue
Section
Review: Physical Anthropology
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Human remains: European legislative perspective on the limit between forensic and archaeological jurisdiction with special regard to war graves. JBR [Internet]. 2023 Jun. 14 [cited 2024 Jun. 30];1(2):e2023016. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/JBR/article/view/14703