Depression Levels of University Students and Changes in their Nutritional Status in the COVID-19 Pandemic Quarantine Period: A study in Turkey
Main Article Content
Keywords
COVID-19, university students, nutrition, foods, depression
Abstract
Abstract:
Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the depression levels and nutritional changes of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine process.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 4528 university students, aged between 18-42 years, living in Turkey. A questionnaire form questioning demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, dietary changes and BECK Depression Inventory was sent to the university students via the online system (via google form). Analysis results are presented as mean ± standard deviation and median (minimum – maximum) for quantitative data, and categorical data are presented as frequency (percentage).
Results: There was a statistically significant relationship between gender and the BDI score (p<0.001). A statistically significant difference was found between the distributions of general nutritional change in women compared to the BDI groups (p<0.001). Risk factors affecting nutritional changes were analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis as univariate and multivariate models. According to the Univariate model result, the risk of nutritional changes increases 1.042 times when the BDI score increases (p<0.001). The risk of nutritional changes of women is 1.618 times higher than that of men (p<0.001). When the results of the multivariate model are examined, the risk of nutritional changes increases 1.038 times when the BDI score increases (p<0.001). The risk of nutritional changes of women is 1.339 times higher than that of men (p<0.001).
Conclusion The quarantine period caused some changes in the nutritional changes and depression levels of university students. As a result, in this study conducted with university students, differences in food preferences and the presence of depressive state were observed during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine period. It is necessary to be aware of what university students are going through in this period and to take preventive measures to improve their health.
Keywords: COVID-19, university students, nutrition, foods, depression
References
2. Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Savastano S, Colao A. (2020). Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(6): 850-851. doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0635-2
3. WHO. (2020). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-2019). [cited 2021 Oct 21].
Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
4. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). Genel Koronavirüs Tablosu. [cited 2021 June 20]. Available from:
https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html#.
5. Yüksel A. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemi Döneminde Elit Sporcuların Uyku Kalitesi ile Beslenme Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(11): 3919-3942. doi: 10.26466/opus.909434
6. Uluöz E. (2020). Opinions of the Faculty of Sport Sciences Students on the Changes in Education System during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Research. African Educational Research Journal, 8(3): 481-490. doi: 10.30918/AERJ.83.20.114
7. Özcan E, Tosun N, Eken DT. (2020). Covid-19 Salgini ile Acil ve Zorunlu Uzaktan Eğitime Geçiş: Genel Bir Değerlendirme. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 49(1): 113-128. doi: 10.37669/milliegitim.780722
8. Varışlı B. (2021). Pandemi Sürecinde Eğitimin Dönüşümü: Çevrimiçi Eğitimin Sosyolojik Yansımaları. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(26): 237-249.
9. Ceviz N, Tektaş N, Basmacı G, Tektaş M. (2020). Covid 19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite öğrencilerinin kaygı düzeylerini etkileyen değişkenlerin analizi. International Journal of Scholars in Education, 3(2): 312-329.
10. Altena E, Baglioni C, Espie CA, et all. (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy. Journal of sleep research, 29(4): e13052. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13052
11. Duman N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8): 426-437. doi: 10.30520/tjsosci.748404
12. Menzies RE, Menzies RG. (2020). Death anxiety in the time of COVID-19: Theoretical explanations and clinical implications. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 13(19):1-11. doi: 10.1017/S1754470X20000215
13. Evers C, Adriaanse M, de Ridder DT, de Witt Huberts JC. (2013). Good mood food. Positive emotion as a neglected trigger for food intake. Appetite, 68: 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.007
14. Zandian H, Sarailoo M, Dargahi S, Gholizadeh H, Dargahi A, Vosoughi M. (2021). Evaluation of knowledge and health behavior of university of medical sciences students about the prevention of COVID-19. Work, 68(3): 543-549. doi: 10.3233/WOR-203395
15. Serin Y, Şanlıer N. (2018). Duygusal yeme, besin alımını etkileyen faktörler ve temel hemşirelik yaklaşımları. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 9(2): 135-146. doi: 10.14744/phd.2018.23600
16. Moynihan AB, Van Tilburg WA, Igou ER, Wisman A. Donnelly AE, Mulcaire JB. (2015). Eaten up by boredom: consuming food to escape awareness of the bored self. Frontiers in psychology, 6: 369. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00369
17. Butler MJ, Barrientos RM. (2020). The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87: 53-54. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.040
18. World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic (No. 894). [cited 2020 Dec 28]. Available from:
https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO_TRS_894/en/.
19. Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh JJAGP. (1961). Beck depression inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry, 4(6): 561-571.
20. Hisli N. (1989). Beck depresyon envanterinin universite ogrencileri icin gecerliligi, guvenilirligi. (A reliability and validity study of Beck Depression Inventory in a university student sample). J. Psychol., 7: 3-13.
21. Kılınç S, Torun F. (2011). Türkiye’de klinikte kullanılan depresyon değerlendirme ölçekleri. Dirim Tıp Gazetesi, 86(1): 39-47.
22. Rudenstine S, McNeal K, Schulder T, Ettman CK, Hernandez M, Gvozdieva K, Galea S. (2021). Depression and anxiety during the covid‐19 pandemic in an urban, low‐income public university sample. Journal of traumatic stress, 34(1): 12-22. doi: 10.1002/jts.22600
23. Dikmen M. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemisinde Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Depresyon Düzeylerinin Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Üzerindeki Rolünün İncelenmesi: Bir Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 22(1): 20-30. doi: 10.51982/bagimli.790750
24. Islam MA, Barna SD, Raihan H, Khan MNA, Hossain MT. (2020). Depression and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A web-based cross-sectional survey. PloS one, 15(8): e0238162.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238162
25. Debowska A, Horeczy B, Boduszek D, Dolinski D. (2020). A repeated cross-sectional survey assessing university students' stress, depression, anxiety, and suicidality in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Psychological Medicine, 1-4. doi: 10.1017/ S003329172000392X
26. Wang X, Hegde S, Son C, Keller B, Smith A, Sasangohar F. (2020). Investigating mental health of US college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional survey study. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(9): e22817. doi: 10.2196/22817
27. Mattioli AV, Pinti M, Farinetti A, Nasi M. (2020). Obesity risk during collective quarantine for the COVID-19 epidemic. Obesity medicine, 20, 100263. doi: 10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100263
28. Pellegrini M, Ponzo V, Rosato R, Scumaci E, Goitre I, Benso A, Bo S. (2020). Changes in weight and nutritional habits in adults with obesity during the “lockdown” period caused by the COVID-19 virus emergency. Nutrients, 12(7): 2016. doi: 10.3390/nu12072016
29. Gürel S, Ok MA. (2021). Covid-19 Salgın Sürecinin, Sağlık Eğitimi Alan Öğrencilerin Beslenme Alışkanlıkları, Fiziksel Aktivite ve Vücut Ağırlıkları Üzerine Etkisinin Saptanması. Başkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi-BÜSBİD, 6: 1-15.
30. Kalkan Uğurlu Y, Mataracı Değirmenci D, Durgun H, Gök Uğur H. (2021). The examination of the relationship between nursing students' depression, anxiety and stress levels and restrictive, emotional, and external eating behaviors in COVID‐19 social isolation process. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(2): 507-516. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12703
31. Açıkgöz S. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinin beslenme alışkanlıkları ile özyeterlilik ve iyimserlik ilişkisi: Ankara Üniversitesi örneği. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
32. Küçükkömürler G, Saime M. (2020). Üniversite Öğrencileri Karbonhidrat Tüketimi ve BKİ Değerlerinin İncelenmesi. Elektronik Türkçe Çalışmaları, 15 (3): 1889-1904.
33. Powell PK, Lawler S, Durham J, Cullerton K. (2021). The food choices of US university students during COVID-19. Appetite, 161: 105130. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105130
34. Błaszczyk-Bębenek E, Jagielski P, Bolesławska I, Jagielska A, Nitsch-Osuch A, Kawalec P. (2020). Nutrition behaviors in polish adults before and during COVID-19 lockdown. Nutrients, 12(10): 3084. doi: 10.3390/nu12103084
35. Serin E, Koç MC. (2020). Examination of the eating behaviours and de-pression states of the university students who stay at home duringthe coronavirus pandemic in terms of different variables.Prog Nutr, 22( 1): 33‐43. doi: 10.23751/pn.v22i1-S.9780
36. Chi X, Liang K, Chen ST, Huang Q, Huang L, Yu Q, et all. (2021). Mental health problems among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19: The importance of nutrition and physical activity. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 21(3): 100218. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.100218
37. Rodriguez-Besteiro S, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Fernández-Lucas J, Clemente-Suárez VJ. (2021). Gender differences in the covid-19 pandemic risk perception, psychology and behaviors of spanish university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8): 3908. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18083908
Article Sidebar
Article Details
How to Cite
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
