Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk: A Review of an Island Sample with the HPLC Method
Main Article Content
Keywords
raw milk, aflatoxin M1, HPLC, food safety
Abstract
This study has been conducted to determine the frequency of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk produced across six zones of Cyprus between 2018-2020 in accordance with seasonality and production regions. A total of 1,026 samples of raw milk were collected from the different production regions of the 6 provinces between September 2018 and August 2020. AFM1 analyses were conducted using the HPLC method. On average, AFM1 contamination of the total of 1,026 raw milk samples was determined to be 26.4±17.96 ng/L. It was found that only 11.4% of the raw milk samples exceeded the legal limit of the European Union (50 ng/L). AFM1 contamination incidence in raw milk samples is much higher in autumn and winter (average 31.77±19.21 ng/L and 26.96±20.77 ng/L, respectively) compared to spring and summer (average 19.00±18.53 ng/L and 7.51±11.31 ng/L, respectively). For this reason, it is important to monitor AFM1 contamination in raw milk in autumn and winter. This comprehensive study, which is the first of its kind in Cyprus, will promote the management and future risk analysis of AFM1 contamination in raw milk across the region.
References
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29. De Roma, A., Rossini, C., Ritieni, A., Gallo, P., Esposito, M. A survey on the Aflatoxin M1 occurrence and seasonal variation in buffalo and cow milk from Southern Italy. Food Control 2017; 81: 30-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.034
30. Baygeldi, Y., Tanyıldız, S. Elazığ’da Üretilen İnek Sütlerinde Aflatoksin M1 Düzeylerinin HPLC ile Araştırılması. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi 2018; 32(3): 191-195.
31. Aksoy A., Sezer Ç. Evaluation of Aflatoxin M1 Presence in Raw Milk and Some Cheese Types Consumed in Kars. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 2019; 12(1): 39-44 doi: 10.30607/kvj.47915
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38. Li, S., Min, L., Wang, P., Zhang, Y., Zheng, N., Wang, J. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw milk from major milk-producing areas of China during four seasons of 2016. Food Control 2017; 82: 121-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.036
39. Puga-Torres, B., Salazar, D., Cachiguango, M., Cisneros, G., Gómez-Bravo, C. Determination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk from different provinces of Ecuador. Toxins 2020; 12(8): 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080498
40. Trajkovska, B., Kuzmanovska, L., Kochoski, L., Elmazi, K., Makarijoski, B., Karapetkovska-Hristova, V. A survey of seasonal variations of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in Polog and Pelagonia region. Scientific Works of University of Food Technologies 2017; 64(1): 139-143.
41. Serraino, A., Bonilauri, P., Kerekes, K., et al. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk marketed in Italy: Exposure assessment and risk characterization. Frontiers in Microbiology 2019; 10: 2516. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.025166
42. Ismaiel, A. A., Tharwat, N. A., Sayed, M. A., Gameh, S. A. Two-year survey on the seasonal incidence of aflatoxin M1 in traditional dairy products in Egypt. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020; 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04254-3
2. Ergün, S. G., Özkan, S., Abbasoğlu, U. Investigation of aflatoxin B1 levels in red-scaled pepper by ELISA. Gazi Medical Journal 2016; 27(4): http://dx.doi.org/10.12996/gmj.2016.61
3. Campagnollo, F. B., Ganev, K. C., Khaneghah, A. M., et al. The occurrence and effect of unit operations for dairy products processing on the fate of aflatoxin M1: A review. Food Control 2016; 68: 310-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.007
4. Türel, G. Y., Calapoğlu, N. Ş. Mikotoksinler ve moleküler düzeydeki etkileri. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2017; 24(1): 13-28.
5. Delialioğlu, N., Otağ, F., Ocal, N. D., Aslan, G., Emekda, G. Investigation of aflatoxin M1 levels in raw and market milks in Mersin Province, Turkey. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 2010; 44(1): 87-91.
6. Fallah, A. A., Fazlollahi, R., Emami, A. Seasonal study of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk of four dairy species in Yazd, Iran. Food Control 2016; 68: 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.018
7. Deligöz, E., Bilge, N. Threat Coming with Milk: Aflatoxin. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 2017; 5(8): 846-857. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i8.846-857.1111
8. Iqbal, S. Z., Jinap, S., Pirouz, A. A., Faizal, A. A. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2015; 46(1): 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.08.005
9. Ketney, O., Santini, A., Oancea, S. Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review. International Journal of Dairy Technology 2017; 70(3): 320-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12382
10. Kos, J. J., Hajnal, E. J., Jajić, I. Comparison of ELISA, HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS/MS methods for determination of aflatoxin M1 in natural contaminated milk samples. Acta Chimica Slovenica 2016; 63(4): 747-756. http://dx.doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2016.2451
11. İşleyici, Ö., Sancak, Y. C., Sancak, H., Yücel, U. M. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Unpackaged Sold Raw Cow's Milk. Van Veterinary Journal 2015; 26(3): 151-155.
12. Frazzoli, C., Gherardi, P., Saxena, N., Belluzzi, G., Mantovani, A. The hotspot for (global) one health in primary food production: Aflatoxin M1 in dairy products. Frontiers in Public Health 2017; 4: 294. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00294
13. Çankırı, B., Uyarlar, C. Mikotoksinlerin süt sığırlarının beslenmesindeki yeri ve önemi. Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi 2016; 6(2): 57-69. doi:10.5578/kvj.6339
14. Whitlow, L. W., Hagler, W. M. Mold and mycotoxin issues in dairy cattle: effects, prevention and treatment. Advances in Dairy Technology 2010; 20: 195-209.
15. TGK, Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği, Last Modified December 29, 2011. Accessed September 8, 2020.
https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111229M3-8.htm
16. Hassan, H. F., Kassaify, Z. The risks associated with aflatoxins M1 occurrence in Lebanese dairy products. Food Control 2014; 37: 68-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.022
17. Özkaya, Ş., Temiz, A. Aflatoksinler: Kimyasal yapıları, toksisiteleri ve detoksifikasyonları. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 2003; 1(01): 1-2.
18. Monograph, I.A.R.C. Chemical Agents and Related Occupations volume 100F, A Review of Human Carcinogens. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer 2012.
19. Rocha, M. E. B., Freire, F. D. C. O., Maia, F. E. F., Guedes, M. I. F., Rondina, D. Mycotoxins and their effects on human and animal health. Food Control 2014; 36(1): 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.021
20. Wen, J., Kong, W., Wang, J., Yang, M. Simultaneous determination of four aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in ginger and related products by HPLC with fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity column clean‐up and postcolumn photochemical derivatization. Journal of Separation Science 2013; 36(23): 3709-3716. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201300885
21. Martínez-Miranda, M., Taborda-Ocampo, G., Rosero-Moreano, M. Validation of a high performance liquid chromatography method for Aflatoxins determination in corn arepas. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 2015; 26(4): 797-803. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20150042
22. Choochuay, S., Phakam, J., Jala, P., Maneeboon, T., Tansakul, N. Determination of aflatoxin B1 in feedstuffs without clean-up step by high-performance liquid chromatography. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2018; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4650764
23. Kupiec, T. Quality-control analytical methods: High-performance liquid chromatography. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding 2004; 8: 223-227.
24. Matabaro, E., Ishimwe, N., Uwimbabazi, E., Lee, B. H. Current immunoassay methods for the rapid detection of aflatoxin in milk and dairy products. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2017; 16(5): 808-820. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12287
25. Codex Alimentarius. International Food Standards. General Standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed. Codex Stan 193-1995. Amended in 2015.
26. Lerda, D. Mycotoxins factsheet. JRC Technical Notes, 4th ed., JRC, 66956, 2011.
27. Ismail, A., Riaz, M., Levin, R. E., Akhtar, S., Gong, Y. Y., Hameed, A. Seasonal prevalence level of aflatoxin M1 and its estimated daily intake in Pakistan. Food Control 2016; 60: 461-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.025
28. Nadira, A. F., Rosita, J., Norhaizan, M. E., Redzwan, S. M. Screening of aflatoxin M1 occurrence in selected milk and dairy products in Terengganu, Malaysia. Food Control 2017; 73: 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.004
29. De Roma, A., Rossini, C., Ritieni, A., Gallo, P., Esposito, M. A survey on the Aflatoxin M1 occurrence and seasonal variation in buffalo and cow milk from Southern Italy. Food Control 2017; 81: 30-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.034
30. Baygeldi, Y., Tanyıldız, S. Elazığ’da Üretilen İnek Sütlerinde Aflatoksin M1 Düzeylerinin HPLC ile Araştırılması. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi 2018; 32(3): 191-195.
31. Aksoy A., Sezer Ç. Evaluation of Aflatoxin M1 Presence in Raw Milk and Some Cheese Types Consumed in Kars. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal 2019; 12(1): 39-44 doi: 10.30607/kvj.47915
32. Lindahl, J. F., Kagera, I. N., Grace, D. Aflatoxin M 1 levels in different marketed milk products in Nairobi, Kenya. Mycotoxin Research 2018; 34(4): 289-295. https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.75.ILRI01
33. Bolourchian, M., Safi, S., Beheshtiha, S. H. S. On the occurrence of aflatoxin M-1 in dairy cattle milk in Varamin region, Tehran. International Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences 2016; 5(7): 68-72.
34. Madali, B., Gulec, A., Ayaz, A. A survey of Aflatoxin M1 in different milk types in Turkey: risk assessment of children’s exposure. Progess in Nutrition 2018; 20: 659-664. Doi: 10.23751/pn.v20i4.6889
35. Mézes, M., Balogh, K., Tóth, K. Preventive and therapeutic methods against the toxic effects of mycotoxins: A review. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 2010; 58(1): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1556/avet.58.2010.1.1
36. Ashiq, S. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in food and feed: Pakistan perspective. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2015; 14(2): 159-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12122
37. Xiong, J. L., Wang, Y. M., Ma, M. R., Liu, J. X. Seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk from the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Food Control 2013; 34(2): 703-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.024
38. Li, S., Min, L., Wang, P., Zhang, Y., Zheng, N., Wang, J. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw milk from major milk-producing areas of China during four seasons of 2016. Food Control 2017; 82: 121-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.036
39. Puga-Torres, B., Salazar, D., Cachiguango, M., Cisneros, G., Gómez-Bravo, C. Determination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk from different provinces of Ecuador. Toxins 2020; 12(8): 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080498
40. Trajkovska, B., Kuzmanovska, L., Kochoski, L., Elmazi, K., Makarijoski, B., Karapetkovska-Hristova, V. A survey of seasonal variations of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in Polog and Pelagonia region. Scientific Works of University of Food Technologies 2017; 64(1): 139-143.
41. Serraino, A., Bonilauri, P., Kerekes, K., et al. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk marketed in Italy: Exposure assessment and risk characterization. Frontiers in Microbiology 2019; 10: 2516. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.025166
42. Ismaiel, A. A., Tharwat, N. A., Sayed, M. A., Gameh, S. A. Two-year survey on the seasonal incidence of aflatoxin M1 in traditional dairy products in Egypt. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2020; 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04254-3
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Tuncay C, Oniz A. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk: A Review of an Island Sample with the HPLC Method. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Jan. 17 [cited 2024 Nov. 5];23(4):e2021185. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/11390
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How to Cite
1.
Tuncay C, Oniz A. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk: A Review of an Island Sample with the HPLC Method. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Jan. 17 [cited 2024 Nov. 5];23(4):e2021185. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/11390
