Uno studio di follow up sull’implementazione dello smart working nella pubblica amministrazione
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Abstract
Introduzione: Dal febbraio 2020 a causa dell'epidemia di Covid -19, in Italia molte organizzazioni hanno subito una transizione forzata verso modalità di lavoro flessibili - denominate “smart working in emergenza”. Ciò ha consentito di proseguire le attività lavorative contenendo il rischio di contagio in diversi settori, in particolare nella pubblica amministrazione.
Obiettivi: questo studio è stato effettuato su 187 lavoratori che hanno partecipato al progetto pilota "Smart Working in INAIL" dal 2019 al 2020. Lo scopo è stato indagare gli effetti dell'organizzazione del lavoro sugli atteggiamenti dei lavoratori, l'equilibrio tra vita privata/lavorativa e gli impatti sulla salute prima e dopo l'introduzione dello smart working.
Metodi: I dati sono stati raccolti in due tempi tramite un questionario online. Il primo tempo dell’indagine mirava a raccogliere informazioni un mese prima dell'implementazione dello smart working, mentre Il secondo tempo si è focalizzato sui potenziali cambiamenti avvenuti dopo un anno.
Risultati: è emerso che le richieste elevate, lo scarso controllo e sostegno sociale potrebbero deteriorare il benessere e la soddisfazione lavorativa ed avere un effetto sull'impegno lavorativo e sull'equilibrio tra lavoro e vita privata. In particolare, il miglioramento del sostegno sociale può moderare l'impatto negativo di condizioni di disagio, prevenendo lo squilibrio tra lavoro e vita privata e il rischio di isolamento.
Discussione: i risultati e le prospettive future vengono discussi per supportare gli stakeholder nella definizione di politiche e pratiche, sia in ottica di salute e benessere sul lavoro che di produttività, per un'implementazione di successo dello smart working nella pubblica amministrazione.
Riferimenti bibliografici
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Mutti A. Smart working and tele-conferences during the lockdown caused by COVID-19 bring new editorial guidelines. Med Lav. 2020;111(4):247-248. Published 2020 Aug 31. doi:10.23749/mdl.v111i4.1034
Iannotta M, Meret C, Marchetti G. Defining Leadership in Smart Working Contexts: A Concept Synthesis. Front Psychol. 2020;11:556933. Published 2020 Sep 16. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.556933
De Menezes LM, Kelliher C. Flexible working and performance: A systematic review of the evidence for a business case. Int. J. Manag. Rev. 2011; 13: 452–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00301.x
De Menezes LM, Kelliher C. Flexible working, individual performance, and employee attitudes: Comparing formal and informal arrangements. Hum. Resou. Manag. 2016;56, 1051–1070. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21822
ten Brummelhuis LL, Bakker AB, Hetland J, Keulemans L. Do new ways of working foster work engagement?. Psicothema. 2012;24(1):113-120
Casey PR, Grzywacz JG. Employee Health and Well-Being: The Role of Flexibility and Work–Family Balance, Psychol. Manag. J. 2008;11:1,31-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10887150801963885
Joyce K, Pabayo R, Critchley JA, Bambra C. Flexible working conditions and their effects on employee health and wellbeing. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(2):CD008009. Published 2010 Feb 17. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008009.pub2
Gajendran RS, Harrison DA. The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. J Appl Psychol. 2007 Nov;92(6):1524-41. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524. PMID: 18020794.
Moen P, Kelly EL, Fan W, et al. Does a Flexibility/Support Organizational Initiative Improve High-Tech Employees’ Well-Being? Evidence from the Work, Family, and Health Network. Am. Sociol. Rev. 2016;81(1), 134–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415622391
Swanberg JE, McKechnie SP, Ojhac MU, James JB. Schedule control, supervisor support and work engagement: A winning combination for workers in hourly jobs? J. Vocat. Behav. 2011; 79:1:613-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.04.012
Allen TD, Johnson RC, Kiburz KM, Shockley KM. Work–Family Conflict And Flexible Work Arrangements: Deconstructing Flexibility. Pers. Psychol. 2013; 66:345–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12012
McNall LA, Masuda AD, Nicklin JM. Flexible work arrangements, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: the mediating role of work-to-family enrichment. J Psychol. 2010;144(1):61-81. doi:10.1080/00223980903356073
Peters P, Dulk LD, Van der Lippe T. The effects of time-spatial flexibility and new working conditions on employees’ work–life balance: the Dutch case. Community Work Fam. 2009;12:3, 279-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800902968907
Descatha A, Sembajwe G, Pega F, et al. The effect of exposure to long working hours on stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. Environ Int. 2020;142:105746. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105746
Li J, Pega F, Ujita Y, et al. The effect of exposure to long working hours on ischaemic heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. Environ Int. 2020;142:105739. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105739
Raykov T, Rodenberg C, Narayanan A. Optimal Shortening of Multiple-Component Measuring Instruments: A Latent Variable Modeling Procedure. Struct. Equ. Model. 2015; 22(2), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.935927
Cox T, Griffiths AJ. The assessment of psychosocial hazards at work. In Shabracq MJ, Winnubst JAM, Cooper CL (Eds.) Handbook of Work and Health Psychology. Chichester: Wiley & Sons. 1995
Rondinone BM, Persechino B, Castaldi T, et al. Work-related stress risk assessment in Italy: the validation study of health safety and executive indicator tool. G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2012;34(4):392-399.
Marinaccio A, Ferrante P, Corfiati M, et al. The relevance of socio-demographic and occupational variables for the assessment of work-related stress risk. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1157. Published 2013 Dec 10. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1157
Wood S, Ghezzi V, Barbaranelli C, et al. Assessing the Risk of Stress in Organizations: Getting the Measure of Organizational-Level Stressors. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2776. Published 2019 Dec 20. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02776
Schulte PA, Delclos G, Felknor SA, Chosewood LC. Toward an Expanded Focus for Occupational Safety and Health: A Commentary. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(24):4946. Published 2019 Dec 6. doi:10.3390/ijerph16244946
Schaufeli W, Shimazu A, Hakanen J, et al. An Ultra-Short Measure for Work Engagement. The UWES-3 Validation Across Five Countries. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2019; 35(4), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430
International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2015 - Work Orientations IV. Variable Report. Documentation release 2017/08/30. GESIS Data Archive for the Social Sciences.
Cortese CG, Quaglino GP:. The measurement of job satisfaction in organizations: a comparison between a facet scale and a single-item measure. TPM Test Psychom Methodol Appl Psychol. 2006; 13(4):305-16.
Simon JG, De Boer JB, Joung IM, et al. How is your health in general? A qualitative study on self-assessed health. Eur J Public Health. 2005;15(2):200-208. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki102
Topp CW, Østergaard SD, Søndergaard S, Bech P. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84(3):167-176. doi:10.1159/000376585
Greene WH. Econometric analysis. New York (NY): Pearson, 2018.
Johnson JV, Hall EM. Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. Am J Public Health. 1988 Oct;78(10):1336-42. doi: 10.2105/ajph.78.10.1336
Karasek RA. Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Adm. Sci. Q. 1979: 24, 285-308. doi:10.2307/2392498
Kelloway EK, Gottlieb BH. The effect of alternative work arrangements on women's well-being: a demand-control model. Womens Health. 1998;4(1):1-18.
Kelly EL, Moen P. Rethinking the Clockwork of Work: Why Schedule Control May Pay Off at Work and at Home. Adv Dev Hum Resour. 2007;9(4):487-506. doi:10.1177/1523422307305489
Häusser JA, Mojzisch A, Niesel M, Schulz-Hardt S. Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand–Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being, Work Stress. 2010;24(1):1-35. doi: 10.1080/02678371003683747
Samad A, Reaburn P. Di Milia L. The contribution of job strain, social support and working hours in explaining work–family conflict. Asia Pacific J. Hum. Resour. 2015;53: 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12058
Vassos M, Nankervis K, Skerry T, Lante K. Can the job demand-control-(support) model predict disability support worker burnout and work engagement? J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil. 2019;44(2):139-149. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2017.1310818
Dragano N, Lunau T. Technostress at work and mental health: concepts and research results. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2020;33(4):407-413. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000613
Berg-Beckhoff G, Nielsen G, Ladekjær Larsen E. Use of information communication technology and stress, burnout, and mental health in older, middle-aged, and younger workers - results from a systematic review. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2017 Apr;23(2):160-171. doi: 10.1080/10773525.2018.1436015
Tarafdar M, Ragu-Nathan TS, Ragu-Nathan B. Tu Q. The Impact of Technostress on Productivity. J Manag Inf Syst. 2007;24(1):301-328. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222240109
Brod C. Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution. Reading (MA): Addison Wesley, 1984
Moretti A, Menna F, Aulicino M, et al. Characterization of Home Working Population during COVID-19 Emergency: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(17):6284. Published 2020 Aug 28. doi:10.3390/ijerph17176284
Mutti A. Smart working and tele-conferences during the lockdown caused by COVID-19 bring new editorial guidelines. Med Lav. 2020;111(4):247-248. Published 2020 Aug 31. doi:10.23749/mdl.v111i4.1034
Iannotta M, Meret C, Marchetti G. Defining Leadership in Smart Working Contexts: A Concept Synthesis. Front Psychol. 2020;11:556933. Published 2020 Sep 16. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.556933
De Menezes LM, Kelliher C. Flexible working and performance: A systematic review of the evidence for a business case. Int. J. Manag. Rev. 2011; 13: 452–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00301.x
De Menezes LM, Kelliher C. Flexible working, individual performance, and employee attitudes: Comparing formal and informal arrangements. Hum. Resou. Manag. 2016;56, 1051–1070. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21822
ten Brummelhuis LL, Bakker AB, Hetland J, Keulemans L. Do new ways of working foster work engagement?. Psicothema. 2012;24(1):113-120
Casey PR, Grzywacz JG. Employee Health and Well-Being: The Role of Flexibility and Work–Family Balance, Psychol. Manag. J. 2008;11:1,31-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10887150801963885
Joyce K, Pabayo R, Critchley JA, Bambra C. Flexible working conditions and their effects on employee health and wellbeing. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(2):CD008009. Published 2010 Feb 17. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008009.pub2
Gajendran RS, Harrison DA. The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. J Appl Psychol. 2007 Nov;92(6):1524-41. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524. PMID: 18020794.
Moen P, Kelly EL, Fan W, et al. Does a Flexibility/Support Organizational Initiative Improve High-Tech Employees’ Well-Being? Evidence from the Work, Family, and Health Network. Am. Sociol. Rev. 2016;81(1), 134–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415622391
Swanberg JE, McKechnie SP, Ojhac MU, James JB. Schedule control, supervisor support and work engagement: A winning combination for workers in hourly jobs? J. Vocat. Behav. 2011; 79:1:613-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.04.012
Allen TD, Johnson RC, Kiburz KM, Shockley KM. Work–Family Conflict And Flexible Work Arrangements: Deconstructing Flexibility. Pers. Psychol. 2013; 66:345–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12012
McNall LA, Masuda AD, Nicklin JM. Flexible work arrangements, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: the mediating role of work-to-family enrichment. J Psychol. 2010;144(1):61-81. doi:10.1080/00223980903356073
Peters P, Dulk LD, Van der Lippe T. The effects of time-spatial flexibility and new working conditions on employees’ work–life balance: the Dutch case. Community Work Fam. 2009;12:3, 279-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800902968907
Descatha A, Sembajwe G, Pega F, et al. The effect of exposure to long working hours on stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. Environ Int. 2020;142:105746. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105746
Li J, Pega F, Ujita Y, et al. The effect of exposure to long working hours on ischaemic heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury. Environ Int. 2020;142:105739. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105739
Raykov T, Rodenberg C, Narayanan A. Optimal Shortening of Multiple-Component Measuring Instruments: A Latent Variable Modeling Procedure. Struct. Equ. Model. 2015; 22(2), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.935927
Cox T, Griffiths AJ. The assessment of psychosocial hazards at work. In Shabracq MJ, Winnubst JAM, Cooper CL (Eds.) Handbook of Work and Health Psychology. Chichester: Wiley & Sons. 1995
Rondinone BM, Persechino B, Castaldi T, et al. Work-related stress risk assessment in Italy: the validation study of health safety and executive indicator tool. G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2012;34(4):392-399.
Marinaccio A, Ferrante P, Corfiati M, et al. The relevance of socio-demographic and occupational variables for the assessment of work-related stress risk. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1157. Published 2013 Dec 10. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1157
Wood S, Ghezzi V, Barbaranelli C, et al. Assessing the Risk of Stress in Organizations: Getting the Measure of Organizational-Level Stressors. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2776. Published 2019 Dec 20. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02776
Schulte PA, Delclos G, Felknor SA, Chosewood LC. Toward an Expanded Focus for Occupational Safety and Health: A Commentary. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(24):4946. Published 2019 Dec 6. doi:10.3390/ijerph16244946
Schaufeli W, Shimazu A, Hakanen J, et al. An Ultra-Short Measure for Work Engagement. The UWES-3 Validation Across Five Countries. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2019; 35(4), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430
International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2015 - Work Orientations IV. Variable Report. Documentation release 2017/08/30. GESIS Data Archive for the Social Sciences.
Cortese CG, Quaglino GP:. The measurement of job satisfaction in organizations: a comparison between a facet scale and a single-item measure. TPM Test Psychom Methodol Appl Psychol. 2006; 13(4):305-16.
Simon JG, De Boer JB, Joung IM, et al. How is your health in general? A qualitative study on self-assessed health. Eur J Public Health. 2005;15(2):200-208. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki102
Topp CW, Østergaard SD, Søndergaard S, Bech P. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84(3):167-176. doi:10.1159/000376585
Greene WH. Econometric analysis. New York (NY): Pearson, 2018.
Johnson JV, Hall EM. Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. Am J Public Health. 1988 Oct;78(10):1336-42. doi: 10.2105/ajph.78.10.1336
Karasek RA. Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Adm. Sci. Q. 1979: 24, 285-308. doi:10.2307/2392498
Kelloway EK, Gottlieb BH. The effect of alternative work arrangements on women's well-being: a demand-control model. Womens Health. 1998;4(1):1-18.
Kelly EL, Moen P. Rethinking the Clockwork of Work: Why Schedule Control May Pay Off at Work and at Home. Adv Dev Hum Resour. 2007;9(4):487-506. doi:10.1177/1523422307305489
Häusser JA, Mojzisch A, Niesel M, Schulz-Hardt S. Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand–Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being, Work Stress. 2010;24(1):1-35. doi: 10.1080/02678371003683747
Samad A, Reaburn P. Di Milia L. The contribution of job strain, social support and working hours in explaining work–family conflict. Asia Pacific J. Hum. Resour. 2015;53: 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12058
Vassos M, Nankervis K, Skerry T, Lante K. Can the job demand-control-(support) model predict disability support worker burnout and work engagement? J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil. 2019;44(2):139-149. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2017.1310818
Dragano N, Lunau T. Technostress at work and mental health: concepts and research results. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2020;33(4):407-413. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000613
Berg-Beckhoff G, Nielsen G, Ladekjær Larsen E. Use of information communication technology and stress, burnout, and mental health in older, middle-aged, and younger workers - results from a systematic review. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2017 Apr;23(2):160-171. doi: 10.1080/10773525.2018.1436015
Tarafdar M, Ragu-Nathan TS, Ragu-Nathan B. Tu Q. The Impact of Technostress on Productivity. J Manag Inf Syst. 2007;24(1):301-328. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222240109
Brod C. Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution. Reading (MA): Addison Wesley, 1984
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Apr 20, 2021
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Di Tecco C, Ronchetti M, Russo S, Ghelli M, Rondinone BM, Persechino B, et al. Uno studio di follow up sull’implementazione dello smart working nella pubblica amministrazione. Med Lav [Internet]. 2021 Apr. 20 [cited 2024 Aug. 17];112(2):141-52. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/10595
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Come citare
1.
Di Tecco C, Ronchetti M, Russo S, Ghelli M, Rondinone BM, Persechino B, et al. Uno studio di follow up sull’implementazione dello smart working nella pubblica amministrazione. Med Lav [Internet]. 2021 Apr. 20 [cited 2024 Aug. 17];112(2):141-52. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/10595
