Conducting spirometry in occupational health at COVID-19 times: international standards
Main Article Content
Keywords
Spirometry, Occupational health, Spirometry standards, COVID-19 pandemic.
Abstract
Spirometry is a commonly performed assessment of lung function for diagnostic purposes as well as for monitoring of chronic lung diseases. The last international standardization of this technique was published in 2005. After 14 years, a group of experts from two leading scientific societies, American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS), published a joint position that updated the standardization of spirometry, with an extensive criteria re-organization, including key updates such as: relative contraindications, instrumentation requirement to meet the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards, quality assurance, operator training, pre-test requirements, acceptability and usability criteria. New standards underline three key elements to obtain high quality pulmonary function data: an accurate and precise instrumentation, a patient/subject capable of performing acceptable and repeatable measurements, and a motivated technologist to elicit maximum performance from the patient. Never- theless, although COVID-19 pandemic has enormously impacted and limited a widespread application of spirometry, it has prompted much attention on hygienic procedures and on further research on noncontact spirometers.
References
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22. Unstead M, Stearn MD, Cramer D, Chadwick M V., Wilson R. An audit into the efficacy of single use bacterial/viral filters for the prevention of equipment contamination during lung function assessment. Respir Med. 2006;100(5):946-950. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2005.09.015
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24. Crimi C, Impellizzeri P, Campisi R, Nolasco S, Spanevello A, Crimi N. Practical considerations for spirometry during the COVID-19 outbreak: Literature review and insights. Pulmonology. Published online August 5, 2020. doi:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.07.011
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26. Schermer TRJ, Folgering HTM, Bottema BJAM, Jacobs JE, Van Schayck CP, Van Weel C. The value of spirometry for primary care: Asthma and COPD. Prim Care Respir J. 2000;9(3):51-55. doi:10.1038/pcrj.2000.20
27. Miravitlles M, Fernández I, Guerrero T, Murio C. The development and efficacy of a primary care screening program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The PADOC project. Arch Bronconeumol. 2000;36(9):500-505. doi:10.1016/s0300-2896(15)30110-1
28. Eaton T, Withy S, Garrett JE, Mercer J, Whitlock RML, Rea HH. Spirometry in primary care practice: The importance of quality assurance and the impact of spirometry workshops. Chest. 1999;116(2):416-423. doi:10.1378/chest.116.2.416
29. Steenbruggen I, Mitchell S, Severin T, Palange P, Cooper BG. Harmonising spirometry education with HERMES: Training a new generation of qualified spirometry practitioners across Europe. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(3):479-481. doi:10.1183/09031936.00187810
30. Crapo O, Hankinson JL, Irvin C, et al. Standardization of spirometry: 1994 Update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(3):1107-1136. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.152.3.7663792
31. Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: The global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324-1343. doi:10.1183/09031936.00080312
32. Hnizdo E, Yan T, Hakobyan A, et al. Spirometry Longitudinal Data Analysis Software (SPIROLA) for Analysis of Spirometry Data in Workplace Prevention or COPD Treatment. Open Med Inform J. 2010;4(1):94-102. doi:10.2174/1874431101004010094
33. Liu C, Yang Y, Tsow F, Shao D, Tao N. Noncontact spirometry with a webcam. J Biomed Opt. 2017;22(5):057002. doi:10.1117/1.jbo.22.5.057002
2. Bishop PJ. A bibliography of John Hutchinson. Med Hist. 1977; 21(4):384-396. doi:10.1017/S0025727300039028
3. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. www.ginasthma.org
4. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2021. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://goldcopd.org/
5. Townsend MC. Spirometry in Occupational Health—2020. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 62(5):e208-e230. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001851
6. Blanc PD, Annesi-maesano I, Balmes JR, et al. AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY The Occupational Burden of Nonmalignant Respiratory Diseases An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Statement. 2019;199(11):1312-1334. doi:10.1164/rccm.201904-0717ST
7. Weiss ST, Segal MR, Sparrow D, Wager C. Relation of FEV1 and Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Count to Total Mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142(5):493-498. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117665
8. Freund KM, Belanger AJ, D’Agostino RB, Kannel WB. The health risks of smoking the framingham study: 34 years of follow-up. Ann Epidemiol. 1993;3(4):417-424. doi:10.1016/1047-2797(93)90070-K
9. Ki Moon Bang, Gergen PJ, Kramer R, Cohen B. The effect of pulmonary impairment on all-cause mortality in a national cohort. Chest. 1993;103(2):536-540. doi:10.1378/chest.103.2.536
10. Duong ML, Islam S, Rangarajan S, et al. Mortality and cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity in individuals with impaired FEV 1 (PURE): an international, community-based cohort study. Lancet Glob Heal. 2019;7(5):e613-e623. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30070-1
11. Tockman MS, Anthonisen NR, Wright EC, Donithan MG. Airways obstruction and the risk for lung cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106(4):512-518. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-106-4-512
12. Kuller LH, Ockene J, Meilahn E, Svendsen KH. Relation of Forced Espiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) to lung cancer mortality in the multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT). Am J Epidemiol. 1990;132(2):265-274. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115656
13. British Thoracic Society. British Thoracic Society Guidance on Respiratory Follow Up of Patients with a Clinico-Radiological Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia.; 2020. Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/quality-improvement/covid-19/resp-follow-up-guidance-post-covid-pneumonia/
14. Seyedmehdi SM, Attarchi M, Yazdanparast T, Lakeh MM. Quality of spirometry tests and pulmonary function changes among industrial company workers in Iran: A two-year before-and-after study following an intensive training intervention. Prim Care Respir J. 2013;22(1):86-91. doi:10.4104/pcrj.2013.00018
15. Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(2):319-338. doi:10.1183/09031936.05.00034805
16. Graham BL, Steenbruggen I, Barjaktarevic IZ, et al. Standardization of spirometry 2019 update an official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society technical statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(8):E70-E88. doi:10.1164/rccm.201908-1590ST
17. Miller MR, Crapo R, Hankinson J, et al. General considerations for lung function testing. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(1):153-161. doi:10.1183/09031936.05.00034505
18. Coates AL, Graham BL, McFadden RG, et al. Spirometry in primary care. Can Respir J. 2013;20(1):13-22. doi:10.1155/2013/615281
19. de Barros ARG, Pires MB, Raposo NMF. Importância da capacidade vital lenta na detecção de obstrução das vias aéreas. J Bras Pneumol. 2013;39(3):317-322. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132013000300008
20. ERS group 9.1 and 4.1. Lung Function Testing during COVID-19 Pandemic and beyond - Recommendation from ERS Group 9.1 (Respiratory Function Technologists /Scientists).; 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://blacklungcoe.org/european-respiratory-society-ers-recommendations-on-lung-function-testing-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-and-beyond
21. The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Occupational Spirometry and Fit Testing in the COVID-19 Era.; 2020. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://acoem.org/Guidance-and-Position-Statements/Guidance-and-Position-Statements/Occupational-Spirometry-and-Fit-Testing-in-the-COVID-19-Era-Updated-Recommendations-from-the-Americ
22. Unstead M, Stearn MD, Cramer D, Chadwick M V., Wilson R. An audit into the efficacy of single use bacterial/viral filters for the prevention of equipment contamination during lung function assessment. Respir Med. 2006;100(5):946-950. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2005.09.015
23. Hull JH, Lloyd JK, Cooper BG. Lung function testing in the COVID-19 endemic. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(7):666-667. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30246-0
24. Crimi C, Impellizzeri P, Campisi R, Nolasco S, Spanevello A, Crimi N. Practical considerations for spirometry during the COVID-19 outbreak: Literature review and insights. Pulmonology. Published online August 5, 2020. doi:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.07.011
25. Occupational Safety And Health Administration, Labor, U.S. Department of Labour. Spirometry Testing in Occupational Health Programs: Best Practices for Healthcare Professionals.; 2013. Accessed February 24, 2021. https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3637.pdf
26. Schermer TRJ, Folgering HTM, Bottema BJAM, Jacobs JE, Van Schayck CP, Van Weel C. The value of spirometry for primary care: Asthma and COPD. Prim Care Respir J. 2000;9(3):51-55. doi:10.1038/pcrj.2000.20
27. Miravitlles M, Fernández I, Guerrero T, Murio C. The development and efficacy of a primary care screening program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The PADOC project. Arch Bronconeumol. 2000;36(9):500-505. doi:10.1016/s0300-2896(15)30110-1
28. Eaton T, Withy S, Garrett JE, Mercer J, Whitlock RML, Rea HH. Spirometry in primary care practice: The importance of quality assurance and the impact of spirometry workshops. Chest. 1999;116(2):416-423. doi:10.1378/chest.116.2.416
29. Steenbruggen I, Mitchell S, Severin T, Palange P, Cooper BG. Harmonising spirometry education with HERMES: Training a new generation of qualified spirometry practitioners across Europe. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(3):479-481. doi:10.1183/09031936.00187810
30. Crapo O, Hankinson JL, Irvin C, et al. Standardization of spirometry: 1994 Update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(3):1107-1136. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.152.3.7663792
31. Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: The global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324-1343. doi:10.1183/09031936.00080312
32. Hnizdo E, Yan T, Hakobyan A, et al. Spirometry Longitudinal Data Analysis Software (SPIROLA) for Analysis of Spirometry Data in Workplace Prevention or COPD Treatment. Open Med Inform J. 2010;4(1):94-102. doi:10.2174/1874431101004010094
33. Liu C, Yang Y, Tsow F, Shao D, Tao N. Noncontact spirometry with a webcam. J Biomed Opt. 2017;22(5):057002. doi:10.1117/1.jbo.22.5.057002
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Conducting spirometry in occupational health at COVID-19 times: international standards. Med Lav [Internet]. 2021 Apr. 20 [cited 2024 Jun. 30];112(2):95-106. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/11420
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How to Cite
1.
Conducting spirometry in occupational health at COVID-19 times: international standards. Med Lav [Internet]. 2021 Apr. 20 [cited 2024 Jun. 30];112(2):95-106. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/11420
