Synergies in Design and Health. The role of architects and urban health planners in tackling key contemporary public health challenges
Keywords:
public health, urban health, workforce collaboration, climate change, noncommunicable diseases, evidence based design, urbanization, multidisciplinary, architects roleAbstract
Background and aim: Important public health improvements have been achieved over the past decades, but new challenges are emerging and progress cannot be taken for granted. Urban settlements host most of the global population, but they are also sources of several threats. The aim of the paper is to investigate the role of architects and planners in contributing to overcome these critical health challenges and propose strategic actions for collaboration with the public health workforce. Methods: Taking global trends and public health challenges as starting point, a scoping literature review has been conducted to illustrate the possible synergies that architecture and public health workforce should exploit to support population health improvement and tackle key public health challenges. Results: The built environment affects climate change and public health through the use of resources, site location, and green spaces. In architecture curricula, limited space is devoted to health and vice versa. There is an urgent need for recognition of the benefits of collaboration and cross-fertilisation between public health and planning workforce from local to global levels. Conclusion: Public health is evolving from a bio-medical to a socio-anthropological approach and architects/planners have fundamental roles; further collaboration, research and training are needed.
References
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54. Capolongo S, Buffoli M, Mosca EI, Galeone D, D’Elia R, Rebecchi A Public Health Aspects’ Assessment Tool for Urban Projects, According to the Urban Health Approach in Della Torre S et al. (eds.),Regeneration of the Built Environmentfrom a Circular Economy Perspective, Research for Development, 2020; 325-335, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-33256-3_30325
55. Dell’Ovo M, Oppio A. Bringing the Value-Focused Thinking approach to urban development and design processes: the case od Foz do Tua area in Portugal. Valori e Valutazioni 2019;23:91-106. ISSUN 2036-2404
2. Capolongo S, Rebecchi A, Dettori M, Appolloni L, Azara A, Buffoli M, Capasso L, Casuccio A, Oliveri Conti G, D’Amico A et al. Healthy Design and Urban Planning Strategies, Actions, and Policy to Achieve Salutogenic Cities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018; 15: 2698. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15122698
3. Capolongo S, Rebecchi A, Brambilla A. E-collection – Urban design and health. European Journal of Public Health 2019. Available on: https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/pages/urban_design_and_health/ [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
4. Marsh R, Pilkington P, Rice L. A guide to architecture for the public health workforce. Public Health 2020; 178: 120-123
5. World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available online https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2018/EN_WHS2018_TOC.pdf?ua=1 [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
6. Foreman KJ, Marquez N, Dolgert A et al. Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016–40 for 195 countries and territories using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 392: 2052–90. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31694-5.
7. CDC Director’s Media Statement on U.S. Life Expectancy Media Statement For Immediate Release: Thursday, November 29, 2018 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available online https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/s1129-US-life-expectancy.html [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
8. Bloomberg Global Health Index 2019 . Available online https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-24/spain-tops-italy-as-world-s-healthiest-nation-while-u-s-slips?utm_source=url_link [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
9. Fullman N, Yearwood J, Abay SM, Abbafati C et al. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet 2018; 391 (10136): 2236-2271
10. Drewnowski A, Buszkiewicz J, Aggarwal A, Rose C, Gupta S , Bradshaw A. Obesity and the Built Environment: A Reappraisal. Obesity 2020; 28 (1): 22-30. doi:10.1002/oby.22672
11. Neira M, WHO Health must be the number one priority for urban planners 21 March 2018. Available online https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/health-must-be-the-number-one-priority-for-urban-planners [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
12. Melis G, Gelormino E, Marra G, Ferracin E, Costa G. The Effects of the Urban Built Environment on Mental Health: A Cohort Study in a Large Northern Italian City. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015; 12:14898-14915. doi:10.3390/ijerph121114898
13. Hoisington AJ, Stearns-Yoder KA, Schuldt SJ, Beemer CJ, Maestre JP, Kinney KA, Postolache TT, Lowry CA, Brenner LA. Ten questions concerning the built environment and mental health. Building and Environment 2019; 155:58–69. Doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.03.036
14. Talukder S, Capon A, Nath D, Kolb A, Jahan S, Boufford J. Urban health in the post- 2015 agenda. Lancet 2015: 385 (9970): 769. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60428-7 [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
15. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420). New York: United Nations. Available online https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf
16. De La Barra X. Fear of epidemics: The engine of urban planning. Planning Practice and Research 2000; 15(1-2): 7-16
17. Szreter S. The population health approach in historical perspective, Public Health: Then and Now. American Journal of Public Health 2003; 93(3)
18. Verderber S. Sprawling Cities and Our Endangered Public Health; 2012; Routledge. ISBN: 978-0-415-66532-2
19. Burton A, Bambrick H, Friel S. If you don't know how can you plan? Considering the health impacts of climate change in urban planning in Australia. Urban Climate 2015; 12: 104-118
20. Council of the European Union. Council Conclusions on Health in All Policies (HiAP); 2006. Available online https://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_projects/2005/action1/docs/2005_1_18_frep_a8_en.pdf [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
21. Llena-Nozal A, Martin N, Murtin F. The economy of well-being: Creating opportunities for people’s well-being and economic growth; OECD Statistics Working Papers, No. 2019/02, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/498e9bc7-en.
22. Council of the European Union. The Economy of Wellbeing Council Conclusions (24 October 2019) 13432/19 . Available online https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-13432-2019-INIT/en/pdf [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
23. Prior JH, Connon ILC, McIntyre E, Adams J, Capon A, Kent J, Rissel C, Thomas LE, Thompson SM, Westcott H. Built environment interventions for human and planetary health: integrating health in climate change adaptation and mitigation. Public Health Res Pract. 2018;28(4)
24. Quotidiano Sanità. Grillo sui nuovi ospedali: “Già stanziati 6,6 mld ma ne servono 32 per riqualificarli tutti”. Available at: https://www.quotidianosanita.it/governo-e-parlamento/articolo.php?articolo_id=72550 [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
25. World Health Organization. The Thirteenth General Programme of Work, 2019–2023 . Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/324775/WHO-PRP-18.1-eng.pdf [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
26. Dubé, P. Urban health: An urban planning perspective. Reviews on Environmental Health 2000; 15(1-2): 249-265
27. Galea S, Freudenberg N, Vlahov D. A framework for the study of urban health. In Cities and the Health of the Public. Vanderbilt University Press. 2006. 3-18
28. Global Task Force on Cholera Control, 2019. Ending Cholera—A Global Roadmap to 2030. Available online https://www.who.int/cholera/publications/global-roadmap.pdf?ua=1 [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
29. Gelting RL, Chapra SC, Nevin PE, Harvey DE, Gute DM. “Back to the Future”: Time for a Renaissance of Public Health Engineering. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019; 16: 387; doi:10.3390/ijerph16030387
30. Carmichael L, Townshend TG, Fischer TB, Lock K, Petrokofsky C, Sheppard A, Sweeting D, Ogilvie F. Urban planning as an enabler of urban health: Challenges and good practice in England following the 2012 planning and public health reforms. Land Use Policy 2019; 84: 154-162
31. United Nations. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development A/RES/70/1 2015. Available online https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
32. Barton H. A health map for urban planners: Towards a conceptual model for healthy, sustainable settlements. Built Environment 2005; 31 (4): 339-355
33. Muessig A. “How do we design healthy cities for people?” 2017. Available online http://gehlpeople.com/blog/how-do-we-design-healthy-cities-for-people/ [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
34. Younger M, Morrow-Almeida HR, Vindigni SM, Dannenberg AL. The Built Environment, Climate Change, and Health. Opportunities for Co-Benefits. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2008;35(5): 517-526
35. Rice L. The nature and extent of healthy architecture: the current state of progress. Archnet-IJAR 2019; 13( 2) :244-259
36. Kochtitzky CS, Frumkin H, Rodriguez R, Dannenberg AL, Rayman J, Rose K, Gillig R, Kanter T. Urban planning and public health at CDC. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 2006;(55,2): 34-38
37. Pilkington P, Grant M, Orme J. Promoting integration of the health and built environment agendas through a workforce development initiative. Public Health 2008. 122: 545-551
38. Seidel AD, Kim JT, Tanaka IBR. Architects, urban design, health, and the built environment. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 2012; 29(3):241-268
39. Exner M. Edwin Chadwick and the public health act 1848: Principal architect of sanitary reform in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health. 2015: 699-706
40. Gorman N, Lackney JA, Rollings K, Huang TT. Designer schools: The role of school space and architecture in obesity prevention. Obesity 2007; 15 (11): 2521-2530
41. Capolongo S, Lemaire N, Oppio A, Buffoli M, Le Gall AR. Action planning for healthy cities: The role of multi-criteria analysis, developed in Italy and France, for assessing health performances in land-use plans and urban development projects. Epidemiologia e Prevenzione 2016; 40 (3-4):257-264
42. Brambilla A, Buffoli M, Capolongo S. Measuring hospital qualities. A preliminary investigation on Health Impact Assessment possibilities for evaluating complex buildings. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis 2019; 90(9S):54-63. DOI:10.23750/abm.v90i9-S.8713
43. Anderson DC. Bricks and Morals—Hospital Buildings, Do No Harm. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2019; 34 (2): 312-316
44. Brambilla A, Rebecchi, A.; Capolongo, S. Evidence Based Hospital Design. A literature review of the recent publications about the EBD impact of built environment on hospital occupants’ and organizational outcomes. Ann Ig 2019; 31(2), DOI: 10.7416/ai.2019.2269
45. Capolongo S, Buffoli M, Brambilla A, Rebecchi A. Healthy Urban Planning & Design Strategies to improve urban quality and attractiveness of places. TECHNE 2020; 19 (in press).
46. European Council meeting 12th December 2019. Conclusion EUCO 29/19 Available onlin: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/41783/12-euco-final-conclusions-it.pdf [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
47. Implementation framework for phase VII (2019–2024) of the WHO European Healthy Cities Network: goals, requirements and strategic approaches final. Available online: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/400277/04-FINAL-Phase-VII-implementation-framework_ENG.PDF?ua=1 [Last accessed: 2020, January 10]
48. Gola M, Signorelli C, Buffoli M, Rebecchi A, Capolongo S. Local health rules and building regulations: a survey on local hygiene and building regulations in italian municiples. Ann. Istituto superiore di sanità 2017; 53(3): 223-230. doi:10.4415/ANN_17_03_08
49. Miedema E, Lindahl G, Elf M (2019) Conceptualizing Health Promotion in Relation to Outpatient Healthcare Building Design: A Scoping Review. HERD. DOI:10.1177/1937586718796651
50. Brambilla A, Capolongo S. Healthy and sustainable hospital evaluation-A review of POE tools for hospital assessment in an evidence-based design framework. Buildings 2019; 9(4) doi:10.3390/buildings9040076
51. Dannenberg AL, Burpee H. Architecture for Health Is Not Just for Healthcare Architects (Editorial). Health Environments Research and Design Journal 2018; 11(2): 8-12
52. Kuhlmann E, Batenburg R, Wismar M et al. A call for action to establish a research agenda for building a future health workforce in Europe. Health Res Policy Sys 2018; doi:10.1186/s12961-018-0333-x
53. Ganske I. A different angle: Physician and architect in Urman RD, Ehrenfeld JM (Eds.) Physicians' Pathways to Non-Traditional Careers and Leadership Opportunities 2012; 263-271 ISBN: 978-1-4614-0550-4
54. Capolongo S, Buffoli M, Mosca EI, Galeone D, D’Elia R, Rebecchi A Public Health Aspects’ Assessment Tool for Urban Projects, According to the Urban Health Approach in Della Torre S et al. (eds.),Regeneration of the Built Environmentfrom a Circular Economy Perspective, Research for Development, 2020; 325-335, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-33256-3_30325
55. Dell’Ovo M, Oppio A. Bringing the Value-Focused Thinking approach to urban development and design processes: the case od Foz do Tua area in Portugal. Valori e Valutazioni 2019;23:91-106. ISSUN 2036-2404
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1.
Azzopardi-Muscat N, Brambilla A, Caracci F, Capolongo S. Synergies in Design and Health. The role of architects and urban health planners in tackling key contemporary public health challenges . Acta Biomed [Internet]. 2020 Apr. 10 [cited 2024 Jul. 3];91(3-S):9-20. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/9414
