Presenteeism and Its Associated Factors Among Teachers
Main Article Content
Keywords
Presenteeism; Teachers; Health Problems; Job Demands; Job Control
Abstract
Background: Teaching is a mentally and physically demanding profession, often performed under challenging and stressful conditions. In Egypt, the lack of school resources, low teacher salaries, poor organizational climate, and high work pressures represent just a few challenges faced by the educational system. These difficulties can adversely affect teachers' health, leading to negative outcomes such as presenteeism. Despite this, no studies have assessed presenteeism among Egyptian teachers. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of presenteeism and identify associated factors among public school teachers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 373 teachers using an interview-administered questionnaire to gather information on their sociodemographic, occupational, and medical characteristics, along with their Stanford Presenteeism Scale scores and responses to the Job Content Questionnaire.Results: The prevalence of presenteeism among the teachers studied over the last 12 months was 70.8%. Of these, 74.6% had lower presenteeism scores, reflecting diminished performance in work activities. Key independent predictors of presenteeism included being a female teacher, having additional jobs, experiencing musculoskeletal and/or respiratory health issues, facing high job demands, and possessing low job control. The Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) for these factors were 4.1, 5.1, 3.1, 11.7, and 11.7, respectively. Conclusion: Presenteeism is highly prevalent among public school teachers in Egypt. Therefore, teachers with significant predictors of presenteeism should be given increased attention.
References
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34- Goto E, Ishikawa H, Okuhara T, et al. Presenteeism among workers: health-related factors, work-related factors and health literacy. Occup Med (Lond). 2020;70(8):564-569. Doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa168
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36- Coledam DHC, de Arruda GA, Ribeiro EAG, Cantieri FP. Self-rated health among teachers: prevalence, predictors, and impact on absenteeism, presenteeism, and sick leave. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2021;19(4):426-436. Doi: 10.47626/1679-4435-2021-619
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39- Janssens H, Clays E, de Clercq B, et al. Association between psychosocial characteristics of work and presenteeism: A cross-sectional study. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2016;29(2):331-344. Doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00588
40- Kinman G, Wray S. Presenteeism in academic employees-occupational and individual factors. Occup Med (Lond). 2018;68(1):46-50. Doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqx191
41- Aronsson G, Hagberg J, Björklund C, et al. Health and motivation as mediators of the effects of job de-mands, job control, job support, and role conflicts at work and home on sickness presenteeism and absenteeism. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2021;94(3):409-418. Doi: 10.1007/s00420-020-01591-w
42- Leineweber C, Westerlund H, Hagberg J, Svedberg P, Luokkala M, Alexanderson K. Sickness presen-teeism among Swedish police officers. J Occup Rehabil. 2011;21(1):17-22. Doi: 10.1007/s10926-010-9249-1
43- Gerich J. Sickness presenteeism as coping behaviour under conditions of high job control. German J Hum Res Manag . 2019;33(2):96-112. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2397002218794837
44- Ashour EZ, Khairy HA, Fahmy NS. The effect of presenteeism on job engagement in hotels: The medi-ating role of job stress. Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City. 2023 ;7(2/3).
2- Kinman G. Sickness presenteeism at work: prevalence, costs and management. Br Med Bull. 2019;129(1):69-78. Doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldy043
3- Rojas-Roque C, López-Bonilla I. In the classroom but absent: Evidence of sickness presenteeism among teachers at four public schools. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2022;17(6):1051-1059. Doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.06.012
4- Patel C, Biron M, Cooper SC, Budhwar PS. Sick and working: Current challenges and emerging direc-tions for future presenteeism research. J Organ Behav. 2023;44(6):839-52. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2727
5- Lohaus D, Habermann W. Presenteeism: A review and research directions. Hum Resour Manag Rev. 2019;29(1):43-58. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.02.010
6- Aronsson G, Gustafsson K, Dallner M. Sick but yet at work. An empirical study of sickness presentee-ism. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(7):502-509. Doi: 10.1136/jech.54.7.502
7- Demerouti E, Le Blanc PM, Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB, Hox J. Present but sick: a three‐wave study on job demands, presenteeism and burnout. Career Dev Int. 2009;14(1):50-68. Doi: 10.1108/13620430910933574
8- Miraglia M, Johns G. Going to work ill: A meta-analysis of the correlates of presenteeism and a du-al-path model. J Occup Health Psychol. 2016;21(3):261-283. Doi: 10.1037/ocp0000015
9- Mohammadi MM, Nayeri ND, Varaei S, Rasti A. The nurse without a nurse: the antecedents of presen-teeism in nursing. BMC Nurs. 2021;20(1):143. Doi: 10.1186/s12912-021-00669-1
10- Elsayied HAE, Sayed MA. Occupational health program for high risk of musculoskeletal pain among primary school teachers. Egyptian Journal of Health Care. 2017;8(2):270-85.
11- Olejniczak D, Olearczyk A, Swakowska K, Staniszewska A, Zakrzewska K. Sickness Presence among Teachers, Nurses and Private Sector Office Workers. Healthcare. 2023;11(4):512. Doi: 10.3390/healthcare11040512
12- Simonetti V, Della Pelle C, Cerratti F, Flacco ME, Cicolini G. Presenteeism levels among Italian nurses. A multicentric survey. Prof Inferm. 2021;74(2):119-125. Doi: 10.7429/pi.2021.742119
13- Perez-Nebra AR, Queiroga F, Oliveira TA. Presenteeism of class teachers: Well-being as a critical psy-chological state in the mediation of job characteristics. Rev Administr Mackenzie. 2020;21:eRAMD200123. Doi: 10.1590/1678-6971/eRAMD200123
14- Central agency for public mobilization and statistics. Annual Bulletin of Pre-University Education 2020/2019. Published 25/1/2021. Available at https://censusinfo.capmas.gov.eg/Metadata-en-v4.2/index.php/catalog/517/related_materials. Ac-cessed 14/1/2024.
15- Desouky D, Allam H. Occupational stress, anxiety and depression among Egyptian teachers. J Epi-demiol Glob Health. 2017;7(3):191-198. Doi: 10.1016/j.jegh.2017.06.002
16- Elsherbiny H, Kamel EA, Abou-ElWafa HS, Sehsah R (2022). Presenteeism among nursing staff of in-tensive care units. Egyptian Journal of Occupational Medicine. 2022;46(2):101-81. Doi: 10.21608/ejom.2021.99061.1253
17- Awaad AE, El-Bestar S, El-Gilany AH, Al-Wehedy A, El-Hadidy SS. Presenteeism and associated factors among railway train drivers. F1000Res. 2022;11:470. Doi: 10.12688/f1000research.111999.2
18- Koopman C, Pelletier KR, Murray JF, et al. Stanford presenteeism scale: health status and employee productivity. J Occup Environ Med. 2002;44(1):14-20. Doi: 10.1097/00043764-200201000-00004
19- Karasek R, Brisson C, Kawakami N, Houtman I, Bongers P, Amick B. The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): an instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. J Occup Health Psychol. 1998;3(4):322-355. Doi: 10.1037//1076-8998.3.4.322
20- Alkaabi, F. Determinants of sickness absence and early retirement intentions and the relationship between sickness absence and the risk of disability retirement or early retirement intentions in the Abu Dhabi Police. Doctoral dissertation. UCL (University College London), 2016. Available at https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1515890/. Accessed 12/12/2023.
21- Otsubo T, Kinjo A, Kuwabara Y, Hongja K, Osaki Y. Lifestyle factors associated with presenteeism among city government office workers: a cross-sectional study. J Occup Health. 2024;66(1):uiad012. Doi: 10.1093/JOCCUH/uiad012
22- Peter KA, Gerlach M, Kilcher G, Bürgin R, Hahn S, Golz C. Extent and predictors of presenteeism among healthcare professionals working in Swiss hospitals, nursing homes and home care organizations. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):12042. Doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39113-6
23- Dudenhöffer S, Claus M, Schöne K, Letzel S, Rose DM. Sickness presenteeism of German teachers: Prevalence and influencing factors. Teach Teach Theory Pract. 2017;23(2):141-52. Doi: 10.1080/13540602.2016.1204284.
24- Coledam DHC, da Silva YM. Predictors of health-related absenteeism, presenteeism and sick leave among Brazilian elementary school teachers: A cross-sectional study. Work. 2020;67(3):709-719. Doi: 10.3233/WOR-203320
25- El Nagdi M, Roehrig G. Identity Evolution of STEM Teachers in Egyptian STEM Schools in a Time of Transition: A Case Study. International Journal of STEM Education. 2020;7:41. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-020-00235-2
26- de Perio MA, Wiegand DM, Brueck SE. Influenza-like illness and presenteeism among school em-ployees. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42(4):450-452. Doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.11.012
27- Aronsson G, Gustafsson K. Sickness presenteeism: prevalence, attendance-pressure factors, and an outline of a model for research. J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47(9):958-966. Doi: 10.1097/01.jom.0000177219.75677.17
28- Gosselin E, Lemyre L, Corneil W. Presenteeism and absenteeism: differentiated understanding of re-lated phenomena. J Occup Health Psychol. 2013;18(1):75-86. Doi: 10.1037/a0030932
29- Gustafsson Sendén M, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Fridner A. Gender differences in Reasons for Sickness Presenteeism – a study among GPs in a Swedish health care organization. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2016;28:50. Doi: 10.1186/s40557-016-0136-x
30- Bolbol SA, Zalat MM, Hammam RA, Elnakeb NL. Risk Factors of Voice Disorders and Impact of Vocal Hy-giene Awareness Program Among Teachers in Public Schools in Egypt. J Voice. 2017;31(2):251.e9-251.e16. Doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.07.010
31- Fahmy VF, Momen MAMT, Mostafa NS, Elawady MY. Prevalence, risk factors and quality of life impact of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among school teachers in Cairo, Egypt. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):2257. Doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14712-6
32- Silva AF, Robazzi MLDCC, Dalri RCMB, Silveira-Monteiro CA, Mendes AMOC. Presenteeism in multi-professional team workers in the Adult Intensive Care Unit. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019;72(suppl 1):96-104. Doi: 10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0779
33- Jeong W, Kim YK, Oh SS, Yoon JH, Park EC. Association between presenteeism/absenteeism and well-being among Korean workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2020;62(8):574-580. Doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001901
34- Goto E, Ishikawa H, Okuhara T, et al. Presenteeism among workers: health-related factors, work-related factors and health literacy. Occup Med (Lond). 2020;70(8):564-569. Doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa168
35- Abo-Hasseba A, Waaramaa T, Alku P, Geneid A. Difference in Voice Problems and Noise Reports Be-tween Teachers of Public and Private Schools in Upper Egypt. J Voice. 2017;31(4):508.e11-508.e16. Doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.10.016
36- Coledam DHC, de Arruda GA, Ribeiro EAG, Cantieri FP. Self-rated health among teachers: prevalence, predictors, and impact on absenteeism, presenteeism, and sick leave. Rev Bras Med Trab. 2021;19(4):426-436. Doi: 10.47626/1679-4435-2021-619
37- Allemann A, Siebenhüner K, Hämmig O. Predictors of Presenteeism among Hospital Employees-A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire-Based Study in Switzerland. J Occup Environ Med. 2019;61(12):1004-1010. Doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001721
38- Jeon SH, Leem JH, Park SG, et al. Association among working Hours, occupational Stress, and presen-teeism among Wage Workers: Results from the Second Korean Working Conditions Survey. Ann Occup Environ Med. 2014;26(1):6. Doi: 10.1186/2052-4374-26-6
39- Janssens H, Clays E, de Clercq B, et al. Association between psychosocial characteristics of work and presenteeism: A cross-sectional study. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2016;29(2):331-344. Doi: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00588
40- Kinman G, Wray S. Presenteeism in academic employees-occupational and individual factors. Occup Med (Lond). 2018;68(1):46-50. Doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqx191
41- Aronsson G, Hagberg J, Björklund C, et al. Health and motivation as mediators of the effects of job de-mands, job control, job support, and role conflicts at work and home on sickness presenteeism and absenteeism. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2021;94(3):409-418. Doi: 10.1007/s00420-020-01591-w
42- Leineweber C, Westerlund H, Hagberg J, Svedberg P, Luokkala M, Alexanderson K. Sickness presen-teeism among Swedish police officers. J Occup Rehabil. 2011;21(1):17-22. Doi: 10.1007/s10926-010-9249-1
43- Gerich J. Sickness presenteeism as coping behaviour under conditions of high job control. German J Hum Res Manag . 2019;33(2):96-112. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2397002218794837
44- Ashour EZ, Khairy HA, Fahmy NS. The effect of presenteeism on job engagement in hotels: The medi-ating role of job stress. Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City. 2023 ;7(2/3).
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Serya H, El-Gilany A-H. Presenteeism and Its Associated Factors Among Teachers. Med Lav [Internet]. 2025 Apr. 17 [cited 2025 May 24];116(2):16010. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/16010
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How to Cite
1.
Serya H, El-Gilany A-H. Presenteeism and Its Associated Factors Among Teachers. Med Lav [Internet]. 2025 Apr. 17 [cited 2025 May 24];116(2):16010. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/16010
