Predictors of Job Satisfaction and Association with Psychological Distress Among Academic Medicine Faculty in Kazakhstan
Main Article Content
Keywords
Job Satisfaction, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Medical Faculty
Abstract
Background: The growing concern for the faculty’s well-being is allied with the emotionally demanding nature of teaching, which has an adverse effect on physical and mental health. There is abundant evidence that academic medicine faculty are subjected to high rates of dissatisfaction, distress, burnout, and turnover among medical educators. This study is dedicated to the exploration of the association between job satisfaction and psychological distress among academic medicine faculty in Kazakhstan. Methods: The observational cross-sectional study was conducted among medical educators in Kazakhstan between 1 October and 25 December. The survey was completed by 715 representatives of academic medicine staff. The sample size was calculated by Epi Info Sample Size Calculator, version 7.0. Multinomial logistic regression analysis using the forced entry procedure was applied to identify the factors associated with job satisfaction. Results: The prevalence of job satisfaction, depression, anxiety, and stress was 19.2%, 40.6%, 41.3%, and 53%, respectively. Three variables were significantly associated with job satisfaction: having a partner (AOR=0.79; 95% CI 0.38-1.659), having work experience of 5-10 years (AOR=0.32; 95% CI 0.14-0.74), and holding a Ph.D. degree (AOR=0.40; 95% CI 0.18-0.91). Job satisfaction was significantly associated with depression (p=0.005) and stress (p<0.001). Conclusions: Compared to previous research in this area, our findings reported a higher prevalence of psychological distress and dissatisfaction. Potential reason for higher rates of dissatisfaction may be the global disruption due to COVID-19 pandemic.
References
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53. Ministry of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, National Academy of Science. National Report on Science. [NAN RK]; 2015.
2. Dosmaganbetova RS, Riklefs IM, Riklefs VP, et al. Osobennosti medicinskogo obrazovaniya v Kazahstane [Fea-tures of medical education in Kazakhstan]. Medicinskoe obrazovanie i professional’noe razvitie [Medical ed-ucation and professional development]. 2015;4(18):75-85.
3. Nurmanbetova FN, Sarsenbayeva SS, Yusupov RR, Ramazanova SH. Model’ kompetencij prepodavatelej – Opyt Kazahskogo Nacional’nogo Medicinskogo universiteta [Competence-based model of the teacher - the experi-ence of Kazakh National Medical University]. Modern High Technologies. 2015;6:82-85.
4. Davis DA, Prescott J, Fordis CM, et al. Rethinking CME: An imperative for academic medicine and faculty de-velopment. Acad Med. 2011;86(4):468-473. Doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31820dfacf
5. Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting. Irina Chernykh: PhD Program in Kazakhstan: Prolonged Transit or a Catching up Development? Published 2016. https://cabar.asia/en/irina-chernykh-phd-program-in-kazakhstan-prolonged-transit-or-a-catching-up-development [Last Accessed August 24, 2023]
6. Block SM, Sonnino RE, Bellini L. Defining “Faculty” in academic medicine: Responding to the challenges of a changing environment. Acad Med. 2015;90(3):279-282. Doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000575
7. Agana DF, Porter M, Hatch R, Rubin D, Carek P. Job Satisfaction Among Academic Family Physicians. Fam Med. 2017;49(8):622-625. https://www.stfm.org/fmhub/fm2013/April/Arch257.pdf
8. Lee RS, Son Hing LS, Gnanakumaran V, et al. INSPIRED but Tired: How Medical Faculty’s Job Demands and Re-sources Lead to Engagement, Work-Life Conflict, and Burnout. Front Psychol. 2021;12:1-19. Doi: 10.3389/FPSYG.2021.609639
9. Pololi LH, Krupat E, Civian JT, Ash AS, Brennan RT. Why are a quarter of faculty considering leaving academic medicine? A study of their perceptions of institutional culture and intentions to leave at 26 representative U.S. medical schools. Acad Med. 2012;87(7):859-869. Doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182582b18
10. Manaf MRA, Shaharuddin MAA, Nawi AM, et al. Perceived Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety and Stress amongst Staff in a Malaysian Public University: A Workers Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(22):11874. Doi: 10.3390/IJERPH182211874
11. Meeks K, Peak AS, Dreihaus A. Depression, anxiety, and stress among students, faculty, and staff. J Am Coll Health. Published online 2021:1-7. Doi: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1891913
12. Del Carmen MG, Herman J, Rao S, et al. Trends and Factors Associated with Physician Burnout at a Multi-specialty Academic Faculty Practice Organization. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(3):e190554-e190554. Doi: 10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2019.0554
13. Giess CS, Ip IK, Cochon LR, et al. Predictors of Self-Reported Burnout Among Radiology Faculty at a Large Ac-ademic Medical Center. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020;17(12):1684-1691. Doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.01.047
14. Bucklin BA, Valley M, Welch C, Tran ZV, Lowenstein SR. Predictors of early faculty attrition at one Academic Medical Center. BMC Med Educ. 2014;14(1):27. Doi: 10.1186/1472-6920-14-27
15. Girod SC, Fassiotto M, Menorca R, Etzkowitz H, Wren SM. Reasons for faculty departure from an academic medical center: a survey and comparison across faculty lines. BMC Med Educ. 2017;17(1):8. Doi: 10.1186/s12909-016-0830-y
16. Savage WE, Olejniczak AJ. Do senior faculty members produce fewer research publications than their younger colleagues? Evidence from Ph.D. granting institutions in the United States. Scientometrics. 2021;126(6):4659-4686. Doi: 10.1007/S11192-021-03957-4/TABLES/11
17. Kivimäki M, Nyberg ST, Batty GD, et al. Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data. The Lancet. 2012;380(9852):1491-1497. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60994-5
18. Amiri S, Behnezhad S. Is job strain a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain? A systematic review and me-ta-analysis of 21 longitudinal studies. Public Health. 2020;181:158-167. Doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.11.023
19. Nyberg ST, Consortium for the IW, Fransson EI, et al. Job Strain as a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis of 124,808 Men and Women. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(8):2268-2275. Doi: 10.2337/DC13-2936
20. Faragher EB, Cass M, Cooper CL. The relationship between job satisfaction and health: A meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med. 2005;62(2):105-112. Doi: 10.1136/oem.2002.006734
21. American Psychological Association. APA Dictionary of Psychology. Psychological distress. Published 2022. https://dictionary.apa.org/psychological-distress [Last Accessed November 16, 2022]
22. Halonen JI, Hiilamo A, Butterworth P, et al. Psychological distress and sickness absence: Within- versus be-tween-individual analysis. J Affect Disord. 2020;264:333-339. Doi: 10.1016/J.JAD.2020.01.006
23. Roelen CAM, Magerøy N, van Rhenen W, et al. Low job satisfaction does not identify nurses at risk of future sickness absence: Results from a Norwegian cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2013;50(3):366-373. Doi: 10.1016/J.IJNURSTU.2012.09.012
24. Thompson ER, Phua FTT. A Brief Index of Affective Job Satisfaction. Group Organ Manag. 2012;37(3):275-307. Doi: 10.1177/1059601111434201
25. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res and Ther. 1995;33(3):335-343.
26. Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med. 2008;3:17. Doi: 10.1186/1751-0473-3-17
27. Vatcheva KP, Lee M, McCormick JB, Rahbar MH. Multicollinearity in Regression Analyses Conducted in Epide-miologic Studies. Epidemiology (Sunnyvale). 2016;6(2):227. Doi: 10.4172/2161-1165.1000227
28. Zamanian Z, Roshan Sarvestani M, Sedaghati M, Ghatmiri M, Kouhnavard B. Assessment of the Relation be-tween Subjective Workload and Job Satisfaction in University Faculty and Staff. Iran J Ergon. 2016;3(4):1-10. http://journal.iehfs.ir/article-1-217-en.html [Last Accessed April 19, 2023]
29. Sapkota A, Poudel UK, Pokharel J, et al. Factors associated with job satisfaction among graduate nursing facul-ties in Nepal. BMC Nurs. 2019;18(1):1-10. Doi: 10.1186/S12912-019-0379-2/TABLES/4
30. Krueger P, White D, Meaney C, Kwong J, Antao V, Kim F. Predictors of job satisfaction among academic family medicine faculty: Findings from a faculty work-life and leadership survey. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(3):e177. /pmc/articles/PMC5349738/ [Last Accessed February 15, 2022]
31. Simpkin AL, Chang Y, Yu L, Campbell EG, Armstrong K, Walensky RP. Assessment of Job Satisfaction and Feeling Valued in Academic Medicine. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(7):992. Doi: 10.1001/JAMAINTERNMED.2019.0377
32. Chichra A, Abhijnhan A, Tharyan P. Job stress and satisfaction in faculty of a teaching hospital in south India: A cross-sectional survey. J Postgrad Med. 2019;65(4):201-206. Doi: 10.4103/jpgm.JPGM_489_18
33. Peng J, Wu WH, Doolan G, et al. Marital Status and Gender Differences as Key Determinants of COVID-19 Impact on Wellbeing, Job Satisfaction and Resilience in Health Care Workers and Staff Working in Academia in the UK During the First Wave of the Pandemic. Front Public Health. 2022;10:928107. Doi: 10.3389/FPUBH.2022.928107/FULL
34. Kulikowski K, Przytuła S, Sułkowski Ł. E-learning? Never again! On the unintended consequences of COVID-19 forced e-learning on academic teacher motivational job characteristics. High Educ Q. 2022;76(1):174-189. Doi: 10.1111/HEQU.12314
35. Said Nurumal M, Soe T, Jamaludin S, et al. Job Satisfaction and Perception Among Female Academics During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. Vol 6.; 2023.
36. Jensen HK, Wieclaw J, Munch-Hansen T, Thulstrup AM, Bonde JP. Does dissatisfaction with psychosocial work climate predict depressive, anxiety and substance abuse disorders? A prospective study of Danish public service employees. J Epidemiol Community Health (1978). 2010;64(9):796-801. Doi: 10.1136/JECH.2008.083980
37. Theorell T, Hammarström A, Aronsson G, et al. A systematic review including meta-analysis of work envi-ronment and depressive symptoms. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):1-14. Doi: 10.1186/S12889-015-1954-4/FIGURES/2
38. Niedhammer I, Malard L, Chastang JF. Occupational factors and subsequent major depressive and generalized anxiety disorders in the prospective French national SIP study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):200. Doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1559-y
39. Bagheri Hosseinabadi M, Etemadinezhad S, Khanjani N, et al. Evaluating the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction among female hospital nurses in Babol: An application of structural equation modeling. Health Promot Perspect. 2018;8(2):102-108. Doi: 10.15171/HPP.2018.13
40. Milner A, Witt K, LaMontagne AD, Niedhammer I. Psychosocial job stressors and suicidality: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Occup Environ Med. 2018;75(4):245-253. Doi: 10.1136/OEMED-2017-104531
41. Ghawadra SF, Abdullah KL, Choo WY, Phang CK. Psychological distress and its association with job satisfaction among nurses in a teaching hospital. J Clin Nurs. 2019;28(21-22):4087-4097. Doi: 10.1111/jocn.14993
42. Ferguson K, Frost L, Hall D. Predicting Teacher Anxiety, Depression, and Job Satisfaction. J Tech Learn. 2012;8(1):27-42. Doi: 10.22329/jtl.v8i1.2896
43. Allan BA, Dexter C, Kinsey R, Parker S. Meaningful work and mental health: job satisfaction as a moderator. J Ment Health. 2018;27(1):38-44. Doi: 10.1080/09638237.2016.1244718
44. American Psychological Association. APA Dictionary of Psychology. Published 2023. https://dictionary.apa.org/anxiety [Last Accessed August 26, 2023]
45. Teixeira-Poit SM, Halpern MT, Kane HL, Keating M, Olmsted M. Factors influencing professional life satisfac-tion among neurologists. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):1-9. Doi:10.1186/S12913-017-2343-8/TABLES/3
46. Oskrochi G, Bani-Mustafa A, Oskrochi Y. Factors affecting psychological well-being: Evidence from two na-tionally representative surveys. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0198638. Doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0198638
47. Grundström J, Konttinen H, Berg N, Kiviruusu O. Associations between relationship status and mental well-being in different life phases from young to middle adulthood. SSM Popul Health. 2021;17(14):100774. Doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100774
48. Campion MW, Bhasin RM, Beaudette DJ, Shann MH, Benjamin EJ. Mid-career faculty development in academic medicine: How does it impact faculty and institutional vitality? J Fac Dev. 2016;30(3):49-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27942418%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5145005
49. Welch AG, Bolin J, Reardon D, Stenger R. Mid-Career Faculty: Trends, Barriers, and Possibilities. The Journal of the Professoriate. 2019;10(1):22-42.
50. Canale AM, Herdklotz C, Wild L. Mid-Career Faculty Support: The Middle Years of the Academic Profession.; 2013. https://www.rit.edu/provost/sites/rit.edu.provost/files/images/FCDS_Mid-CareerRpt.pdf
51. Levecque K, Anseel F, De Beuckelaer A, Van der Heyden J, Gisle L. Work organization and mental health prob-lems in PhD students. Res Policy. 2017;46(4):868-879. Doi: 10.1016/J.RESPOL.2017.02.008
52. Chakraverty D, Cavazos JE, Jeffe DB. Exploring reasons for MD-PhD trainees’ experiences of impostor phe-nomenon. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):1-11. Doi: 10.1186/S12909-022-03396-6/TABLES/2
53. Ministry of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, National Academy of Science. National Report on Science. [NAN RK]; 2015.
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Uristemova A, Myssayev A, Meirmanov S, Migina L. Predictors of Job Satisfaction and Association with Psychological Distress Among Academic Medicine Faculty in Kazakhstan. Med Lav [Internet]. 2024 Feb. 22 [cited 2024 Jul. 18];115(1):e2024002. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/15010
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This work is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Uristemova A, Myssayev A, Meirmanov S, Migina L. Predictors of Job Satisfaction and Association with Psychological Distress Among Academic Medicine Faculty in Kazakhstan. Med Lav [Internet]. 2024 Feb. 22 [cited 2024 Jul. 18];115(1):e2024002. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/15010
