The Italian Version of the “Tool to measure Parental Self-Efficacy-Short Form”: Psychometric Properties of the Measure and Initial Validation
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Keywords
topse, italian validation, confirmatory factor analysis, parental self-efficacy, parenting
Abstract
Background and aim: Parental self-efficacy is recognized as a core element of the transition to parenthood process. It affects parental mental health, as well as children’s psychosocial, neurodevelopmental and health outcomes since early infancy. Parents with higher parenting self-efficacy have a higher likelihood of engaging in quality parenting practices that support optimal self-regulation development in children. Our study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Italian TOPSE-Short Form (I-TOPSE-SF) questionnaire.
Methods: 673 Italian mothers (Mage=37.5; SD=5.7) of children aging 0 to 6 years (Mage=3.9; SD=1.7) were involved in this study.
Results: Initial results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis highlighted that the fit indices of the hypothesized 6-factor structure of the TOPSE weren’t satisfactory. Acceptable internal consistencies for the total score and the six dimensions of the measure were observed. Evidence for convergent and divergent validity were provided.
Conclusions: The I-TOPSE-SF could be a valuable tool to assess parental self-efficacy up to school age, but it is in need of further considerations about its measurement properties.
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References
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9. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian J Soc Psych. 1999; 2: 21–41.
10. Wright D, Treyvaud K, Williams LA, Giallo R. Validation of the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale in Measuring Parental Self-Efficacy of Australian Fathers. J Child Fam Stud. 2022; 31(6): 1698–1706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02291-4
11. Coleman PK, Karraker KH. Parenting self‐efficacy among mothers of school‐age children: Conceptualization, measurement, and correlates. Fam rel. 2000; 49(1): 13-24.
12. Kendall S, Bloomfield L. Developing and validating a tool to measure parenting self-efficacy. J adv nurs. 2005; 51(2): 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03479.
13. Fang Y, Boelens M, Windhorst DA, Raat H, van Grieken A. Factors associated with parenting self‐efficacy: A systematic review. J adv nurs. 2021; 77(6): 2641-2661.
14. Abuhammad S. Predictors of maternal parenting self-efficacy for infants and toddlers: A Jordanian study. PLoS ONE 2020; 15(11): e0241585 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241585
15. Shorey S, Chan SW, Chong YS, He HG. A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of a postnatal psychoeducation programme on self-efficacy, social support and postnatal depression among primiparas. J adv nurs. 2015; 71(6): 1260–1273. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12590
16. Wilson S, Durbin CE. Effects of paternal depression on fathers' parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clin psych rev. 2010; 30(2): 167–180.
17. Jover M, Colomer J, Carot JM, Larsson C, Bobes MT, Ivorra JL, Martín-Brufau R, Sanjuan J. Maternal anxiety following delivery, early infant temperament and mother's confidence in caregiving. The Span J Psych. 2014; 17: E95. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.87.
18. Gordo L, Oliver-Roig A, Martínez-Pampliega A, Elejalde LI, Fernández-Alcantara M, Richart-Martínez M. Parental perception of child vulnerability and parental competence: The role of postnatal depression and parental stress in fathers and mothers. PLoS One 2018; 13(8): e0202894. https://doi.org/10.1371/journ al.pone.0202894
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21. de Haan AD, Soenens B, Deković M, Prinzie P. Effects of childhood aggression on parenting during adolescence: the role of parental psychological need satisfaction. J Clin Child Adol Psych. 2013; 42(3): 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374 416.2013.769171
22. Vance AJ, Pan W, Malcolm WH, Brandon DH. Development of parenting self-efficacy in mothers of high-risk infants. Early hum dev. 2020; 141: 104946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104946
23. Albanese AM, Russo GR, Geller PA. The role of parental self-efficacy in parent and child well-being: A systematic review of associated outcomes. Child: care health dev. 2019; 45(3): 333–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12661
24. Ferdowshi N, Imran MA, Trishna TA. Adaptation of the tool to measure parenting self-efficacy (topse) in Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ J Bio Sci. 2021; 30(2): 169–177. https://doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v30i2.54643
25. Ruiz-Zaldibar C, Serrano-Monzó I, Lopez-Dicastillo O, Pumar-Méndez MJ, Iriarte A, Bermejo-Martins E, Mujika A. Parental Self-Efficacy to Promote Children's Healthy Lifestyles: A Pilot and Feasibility Study. Int j env res pub health 2021; 18(9): 4794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094794
26. Zhou Y, Yin H, Wang M, Wang J. The effect of family-focused psychoeducational therapy for autism spectrum disorder children's parents on parenting self-efficacy and emotion. Archiv psych nurs. 2019; 33(1): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.08.002
27. Hahn-Markowitz J, Berger I, Manor I, Maeir A. Cognitive-Functional (Cog-Fun) Dyadic Intervention for Children with ADHD and Their Parents: Impact on Parenting Self-Efficacy. Phys occup therapy ped. 2018; 38(4): 444–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2018.1441939
28. Whiting M, Nash AS, Kendall S, Roberts SA. Enhancing resilience and self-efficacy in the parents of children with disabilities and complex health needs. Prim health care res dev. 2019; 20: e33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423619000112
29. Deave T, Ginja S, Goodenough T, Bailey E, Piwek L, Coad J, Day C, Nightingale S, Kendall S, Lingam R. The Bumps and BaBies Longitudinal Study (BaBBLeS): a multi-site cohort study of first-time mothers to evaluate the effectiveness of the Baby Buddy app. mHealth 2019; 5: 42. https://doi.org/10.21037/mhealth.2019.08.05
30. Xue A, Oros V, Marca-Ghaemmaghami PL, Scholkmann F, Righini-Grunder F, Natalucci G, Karen T, Bassler D, Restin T. New parents experienced lower parenting self-efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Children 2021; 8(2): p.79.
31. Baiocco, R., Carone, N., Ioverno, S., & Lingiardi, V. (2018). Same-Sex and Different-Sex Parent Families in Italy: Is Parents' Sexual Orientation Associated with Child Health Outcomes and Parental Dimensions?. JDBP, 39(7): 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000583
32. Pedrini L, Ferrari C, Ghilardi, A. Psychometric Properties of the Italian Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy (PMP S-E). J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2019; 26: 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-018-9578-3.
33. Caprara GV, Regalia C, Scabini E, Barbaranelli C, Bandura A. Assessment of filial, parental, marital, and collective family efficacy beliefs. Europ J Psych Edu. 2004; 20: 247–261. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.20.4.247.
34. Roncaglia F, Bonvicini L, Kendall S, Panza C, Ferraroni M, Giorgi Rossi P. Validation of the Italian version of the Tool to Measure Parenting Self-Efficacy questionnaire using data from an intervention study. Child: care, health dev. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.13032.
35. Mannocci A, Massimi A, Scaglietta F, Ciavardini S, Scollo M, Scaglione C, La Torre G. HAPPY MAMA Project (PART 1). Assessing the Reliability of the Italian Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS-IT) and Parental Stress Scale (PSS-IT): A Cross-Sectional Study among Mothers Who Gave Birth in the Last 12 Months. Int j env res public health 2021; 18(8): 4066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084066
36. Panza C, Volta A, Broccoli S, Bonvicini L, Kendall S, Marchesi M, Giorgi Rossi P. Evaluation of an intervention aimed at supporting new parents: the Baby Newsletter project. Italian j ped. 2020; 46(1): 123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-020-00886-5.
37. Guarino A, Di Blasio P, D'alessio M, Camisasca E, Serantoni G. Parenting Stress Index - SF. Organizzazioni speciali, Firenze, 2008.
38. Dumka LE, Gonzales NA, Wheeler LA, Millsap RE. Parenting self-efficacy and parenting practices over time in Mexican American families. JFP 2010; 24(5): 522–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020833
39. Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus: Statistical Analysis with Latent Variables: User’s Guide (Version 8). Los Angeles: CA, 2017.
40. Kenny DA, Kaniskan B, McCoach DB. The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Soc methods res. 2015; 44(3): 486-507.
41. Chausset A, Fargeix T, Pereira B, Echaubard S, Duquesne A, Desjonquères M, Merlin E. MISS questionnaire in French version: a good tool for children and parents to assess methotrexate intolerance. Clin Rheu. 2017; 36(6): 1281-1288.
42. Črnčec R, Barnett B, Matthey S. Review of scales of parenting confidence. J Nurs Meas, 2010; 18(3): 210– 240.
43. Seetharaman M, Benjamin A, McGrath J, Vance AJ. A Review of Parenting Self-Efficacy Instruments for Parents of Infants and Toddlers. Int J Nurs Stud Adv. 2022; 100082.
44. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications, 2015.
45. Belsky J. The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Dev. 1984; 55(1): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129836
46. Fang Y, van Grieken A, Fierloos IN. Parental, child and socio-contextual factors associated with parenting self-efficacy among parents of children aged 0–7 years old: the CIKEO study. Soc Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 57: 623–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02161-2
47. Dunning MJ, Giallo R. Fatigue, parenting stress, self-efficacy and satisfaction in mothers of infants and young children. J Reprod Infant Psych. 2012; 30(2): 145-159.
48. Cooklin AR, Giallo R, Rose N. Parental fatigue and parenting practices during early childhood: An Australian community survey. Child: care, health dev. 2012; 38(5): 654-664.
2. Jones TL, Prinz RJ. Potential roles of parental self‐efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clin Psych Review 2005; 25(3): 341–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004
3. Treyvaud K. Parent and family outcomes following very preterm or very low birth weight birth: a review. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014; 19(2): 131–135 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2013.10.008
4. Wittkowski A, Garrett C, Calam R, Weisberg D. Self-Report Measures of Parental Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature. J child fam stud. 2017; 26(11): 2960–2978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0830-5
5. Bandura A. The nature and structure of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York, NY: WH Freeman and Company, 1997; pp. 37–78.
6. Bandura A. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. Am Psych. 1982; 37(2): 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
7. Bandura A. Human agency in social cognitive theory. Am Psych. 1989; 44(9): 1175–1184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175
8. Bandura A. Self-efficacy in changing societies. Cambridge University Press, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527692
9. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian J Soc Psych. 1999; 2: 21–41.
10. Wright D, Treyvaud K, Williams LA, Giallo R. Validation of the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale in Measuring Parental Self-Efficacy of Australian Fathers. J Child Fam Stud. 2022; 31(6): 1698–1706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02291-4
11. Coleman PK, Karraker KH. Parenting self‐efficacy among mothers of school‐age children: Conceptualization, measurement, and correlates. Fam rel. 2000; 49(1): 13-24.
12. Kendall S, Bloomfield L. Developing and validating a tool to measure parenting self-efficacy. J adv nurs. 2005; 51(2): 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03479.
13. Fang Y, Boelens M, Windhorst DA, Raat H, van Grieken A. Factors associated with parenting self‐efficacy: A systematic review. J adv nurs. 2021; 77(6): 2641-2661.
14. Abuhammad S. Predictors of maternal parenting self-efficacy for infants and toddlers: A Jordanian study. PLoS ONE 2020; 15(11): e0241585 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241585
15. Shorey S, Chan SW, Chong YS, He HG. A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of a postnatal psychoeducation programme on self-efficacy, social support and postnatal depression among primiparas. J adv nurs. 2015; 71(6): 1260–1273. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12590
16. Wilson S, Durbin CE. Effects of paternal depression on fathers' parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clin psych rev. 2010; 30(2): 167–180.
17. Jover M, Colomer J, Carot JM, Larsson C, Bobes MT, Ivorra JL, Martín-Brufau R, Sanjuan J. Maternal anxiety following delivery, early infant temperament and mother's confidence in caregiving. The Span J Psych. 2014; 17: E95. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.87.
18. Gordo L, Oliver-Roig A, Martínez-Pampliega A, Elejalde LI, Fernández-Alcantara M, Richart-Martínez M. Parental perception of child vulnerability and parental competence: The role of postnatal depression and parental stress in fathers and mothers. PLoS One 2018; 13(8): e0202894. https://doi.org/10.1371/journ al.pone.0202894
19. Slomian J, Honvo G, Emonts P, Reginster J-Y, Bruyère, O. Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Wom Health 2019; 15: 1745506519844044.
20. Fulton JM, Mastergeorge AM, Steele JS, Hansen RL. Maternal perceptions of the infant: Relationship to maternal self-efficacy during the first six weeks' postpartum. Inf ment health j 2012; 33(4): 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21323
21. de Haan AD, Soenens B, Deković M, Prinzie P. Effects of childhood aggression on parenting during adolescence: the role of parental psychological need satisfaction. J Clin Child Adol Psych. 2013; 42(3): 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374 416.2013.769171
22. Vance AJ, Pan W, Malcolm WH, Brandon DH. Development of parenting self-efficacy in mothers of high-risk infants. Early hum dev. 2020; 141: 104946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104946
23. Albanese AM, Russo GR, Geller PA. The role of parental self-efficacy in parent and child well-being: A systematic review of associated outcomes. Child: care health dev. 2019; 45(3): 333–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12661
24. Ferdowshi N, Imran MA, Trishna TA. Adaptation of the tool to measure parenting self-efficacy (topse) in Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ J Bio Sci. 2021; 30(2): 169–177. https://doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v30i2.54643
25. Ruiz-Zaldibar C, Serrano-Monzó I, Lopez-Dicastillo O, Pumar-Méndez MJ, Iriarte A, Bermejo-Martins E, Mujika A. Parental Self-Efficacy to Promote Children's Healthy Lifestyles: A Pilot and Feasibility Study. Int j env res pub health 2021; 18(9): 4794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094794
26. Zhou Y, Yin H, Wang M, Wang J. The effect of family-focused psychoeducational therapy for autism spectrum disorder children's parents on parenting self-efficacy and emotion. Archiv psych nurs. 2019; 33(1): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.08.002
27. Hahn-Markowitz J, Berger I, Manor I, Maeir A. Cognitive-Functional (Cog-Fun) Dyadic Intervention for Children with ADHD and Their Parents: Impact on Parenting Self-Efficacy. Phys occup therapy ped. 2018; 38(4): 444–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2018.1441939
28. Whiting M, Nash AS, Kendall S, Roberts SA. Enhancing resilience and self-efficacy in the parents of children with disabilities and complex health needs. Prim health care res dev. 2019; 20: e33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423619000112
29. Deave T, Ginja S, Goodenough T, Bailey E, Piwek L, Coad J, Day C, Nightingale S, Kendall S, Lingam R. The Bumps and BaBies Longitudinal Study (BaBBLeS): a multi-site cohort study of first-time mothers to evaluate the effectiveness of the Baby Buddy app. mHealth 2019; 5: 42. https://doi.org/10.21037/mhealth.2019.08.05
30. Xue A, Oros V, Marca-Ghaemmaghami PL, Scholkmann F, Righini-Grunder F, Natalucci G, Karen T, Bassler D, Restin T. New parents experienced lower parenting self-efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Children 2021; 8(2): p.79.
31. Baiocco, R., Carone, N., Ioverno, S., & Lingiardi, V. (2018). Same-Sex and Different-Sex Parent Families in Italy: Is Parents' Sexual Orientation Associated with Child Health Outcomes and Parental Dimensions?. JDBP, 39(7): 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000583
32. Pedrini L, Ferrari C, Ghilardi, A. Psychometric Properties of the Italian Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy (PMP S-E). J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2019; 26: 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-018-9578-3.
33. Caprara GV, Regalia C, Scabini E, Barbaranelli C, Bandura A. Assessment of filial, parental, marital, and collective family efficacy beliefs. Europ J Psych Edu. 2004; 20: 247–261. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.20.4.247.
34. Roncaglia F, Bonvicini L, Kendall S, Panza C, Ferraroni M, Giorgi Rossi P. Validation of the Italian version of the Tool to Measure Parenting Self-Efficacy questionnaire using data from an intervention study. Child: care, health dev. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.13032.
35. Mannocci A, Massimi A, Scaglietta F, Ciavardini S, Scollo M, Scaglione C, La Torre G. HAPPY MAMA Project (PART 1). Assessing the Reliability of the Italian Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS-IT) and Parental Stress Scale (PSS-IT): A Cross-Sectional Study among Mothers Who Gave Birth in the Last 12 Months. Int j env res public health 2021; 18(8): 4066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084066
36. Panza C, Volta A, Broccoli S, Bonvicini L, Kendall S, Marchesi M, Giorgi Rossi P. Evaluation of an intervention aimed at supporting new parents: the Baby Newsletter project. Italian j ped. 2020; 46(1): 123. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-020-00886-5.
37. Guarino A, Di Blasio P, D'alessio M, Camisasca E, Serantoni G. Parenting Stress Index - SF. Organizzazioni speciali, Firenze, 2008.
38. Dumka LE, Gonzales NA, Wheeler LA, Millsap RE. Parenting self-efficacy and parenting practices over time in Mexican American families. JFP 2010; 24(5): 522–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020833
39. Muthén LK, Muthén BO. Mplus: Statistical Analysis with Latent Variables: User’s Guide (Version 8). Los Angeles: CA, 2017.
40. Kenny DA, Kaniskan B, McCoach DB. The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Soc methods res. 2015; 44(3): 486-507.
41. Chausset A, Fargeix T, Pereira B, Echaubard S, Duquesne A, Desjonquères M, Merlin E. MISS questionnaire in French version: a good tool for children and parents to assess methotrexate intolerance. Clin Rheu. 2017; 36(6): 1281-1288.
42. Črnčec R, Barnett B, Matthey S. Review of scales of parenting confidence. J Nurs Meas, 2010; 18(3): 210– 240.
43. Seetharaman M, Benjamin A, McGrath J, Vance AJ. A Review of Parenting Self-Efficacy Instruments for Parents of Infants and Toddlers. Int J Nurs Stud Adv. 2022; 100082.
44. Brown TA. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford Publications, 2015.
45. Belsky J. The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Dev. 1984; 55(1): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129836
46. Fang Y, van Grieken A, Fierloos IN. Parental, child and socio-contextual factors associated with parenting self-efficacy among parents of children aged 0–7 years old: the CIKEO study. Soc Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 57: 623–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02161-2
47. Dunning MJ, Giallo R. Fatigue, parenting stress, self-efficacy and satisfaction in mothers of infants and young children. J Reprod Infant Psych. 2012; 30(2): 145-159.
48. Cooklin AR, Giallo R, Rose N. Parental fatigue and parenting practices during early childhood: An Australian community survey. Child: care, health dev. 2012; 38(5): 654-664.
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Boldrini F, Ragni B, Russo C, Barni D, De Stasio S. The Italian Version of the “Tool to measure Parental Self-Efficacy-Short Form”: Psychometric Properties of the Measure and Initial Validation. Acta Biomed [Internet]. [cited 2023 May 29];94(4):e2023179. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/14470
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