Study, conservation and exhibition of human remains: the need of a bioethical perspective
Keywords:
human remains, exhibition in museum, ethical issues, ICOM, NAGPRAAbstract
Today, the recovery, study and exposition of archaeological human remains are subjected to new discussions. Human remains preserve a clear record of past life to later generations. These remains, even if dated hundreds or thousands of years ago, maintain their human dignity and force the community to reflect on the ethical issues related to their analysis, curation and display.
Such a topic stimulate a continuous dialogue between the different actors of the bioarchaeological/osteoarchaeological/anthropological (physical and forensic) field: archaeologists, anthropologists, bioethicists, museum curators and other figures in order to give voice to a broad range of approaches and identify shared paths on the management of human remains that respect human dignity and different cultural values of community.
As a “culturally sensitive material”, human remains collections must be acquired and handled with respect regardless of their age and legitimacy of provenance.
The opening up to disciplines quite far from the expertize of museum curators is an essential prerequisite to increase awareness towards ethical issues and to develop guidelines that take into account the dignity of the person and the cultural values of community to whom human remains belonged.
Accordingly, the authors stimulate the increase of the discussion and try to identify solutions sensitive to the issue.
References
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55. Monza F, Ianovitz S. Collezioni di paleopatologia e anatomia patologica: politiche di acquisizione e alienazione dei resti umani. In: Atti Giornate di Museologia Medica 2012; 1:47–51.
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64. Battillo JM. A critique of legal protection for human remains in Idaho with suggestions for improvement of current legislation. September 2012.
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2. Björkman B, Hansson SO. Bodily rights and property rights. Med Ethics 2006; 32(4):209–14. https://doi: 10.1136/jme.2004.011270.
3. Pila J. Intellectual property rights and detached human body parts. The human body as property. J Med Ethics 2014;40(1): 27–32. https://doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-100761.
4. Battistuzzi L, Ciliberti R, Bruno W, Turchetti D, Varesco L, De Stefano F. Communication of clinically useful next-generation sequencing results to at-risk relatives of deceased research participants: Toward active disclosure? J Clin Oncol 2013;31(32): 4164–5. https://doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.52.1906.
5. Licata M, Monza F. Ethical issues in paleopathological and anthropological research experiences. Acta Biomed 2017;88(3): 315–8. https://doi:10.23750/abm.v88i3.5653.
6. Longo GO. Post-umano, Etica e Responsabilità. Riflessioni Sistemiche 2014;10:62–74
7. Parker Pearson M. Ethics and the dead in British archaeology. The Field Archaeologist 1995;23: 17–8.
8. Monza F, Licata M. Anatomical preparations in museums a special category of cultural heritage. Med Secoli 2015;27(2): 615–28.
9. Monza F. Esporre i resti umani: un problema tra ricerca, etica e comunicazione. Il caso britannico. Museologia Scientifica Memorie 2014; 11:214–44.
10. Roberts C, Manchester K. The Archaeology of Disease. New York: Cornell University Press, 2007.
11. Ubelaker SH. Human skeletal remains: excavation, analysis, interpretation. Washington DC: Taraxacum, 1989.
12. Licata M, Motto M, Grassi B, Badino P, Iorio S. The space of man’s death. A modern age secondary burial case in northern Italy. Homo 2019;70(2): 93–104. https://doi:10.1127/homo/2019/1077.
13. Licata M, Tosi A, Rossetti C, Iorio S. The bioarchaeology of humans in Italy: Development and issues of a discipline. Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica 2018;24(1): 119–30.
14. Aufderheide AC, Rodríguez-Martín C. The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
15. Licata M, Armocida G, Broggini M, Borgo M. To investigate the degenerative alterations of the spine in Paleopathology. Acta reumatol port 2017; 42(1): 94–5.
16. DePaolo C. Sir Marc Armand Ruffer, MD: The early years, 1878-1896. J Med Biogr 2019; https://doi: 10.1177/0967772019883998.
17. Curtis NGW. Human remains: the sacred, museums and archaeology. Publ Archaeol 2003; 3(1):21–32.
18. Knüsel CJ. Crouching in fear: Terms of engagement for funerary remains. J Soc Archaeol 2014; 14(1):26–58.
19. Licata M, Gorini I, Iorio S. An osteological museum inside the Varese medical school? A proposal from the medical, anthropological and paleopathological point of view. Acta Biomed 2018; 88(4):510–1. https://doi:10.23750/abm.v88i4.5920.
20. Aldhous P. Bones go home. Nat 1991; 351:178.
21. Bowdler S. Unquiet slumbers: the return of the Kow Swamp burials. Antiquity 1992; 66(250):103–6. https://doi:org/10.1017/S0003598X00081096.
22. Pinna G. I diritti dei popoli indigeni e la museologia di collaborazione. Museologia scientifica 2011; 5(1-2):28–52.
23. Gagné N. Affirmation and Decolonization: The French Ceremony of Repatriating Toi Moko Human Remains to New Zealand Placed in Perspective. Journal de la Société des Océanistes 2012;1(134):5–24.
24. Kelsey P, Carpenter CM. “In the end, our message weighs”: “Blood Run”, NAGPRA, and American Indian identity. Am Indian Q 2011;35(1):56–74.
25. Introduction to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander heritage protection act. Heritage Division, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, 2010.
26. Human Tissue Act, 2004.
27. The British Museum Act,1963.
28. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2007, https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wpcontent/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf; 2019 Accessed 28 November 2019.
29. Pesce M. Corpi nascosti, corpi ritrovati, corpi contesi: la questione della restituzione dei resti umani alle culture altre. Un’analisi antropologica. In: Società Filosofica Italiana, Sezione di Sulmona ‘Giuseppe Capograssi’, 2015:1–5.
30. AA.VV., Associazione Nazionale Musei Scientifici (ANMS), Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università ̀ di Firenze, 2011. Documento sulla questione della richiesta, presentata dal Governo Australiano, di restituzione di resti scheletrici umani provenienti dal territorio australiano conservati presso la Sezione di Antropologia ed Etnologia del Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università di Firenze. Museologia Scientifica 2011; 5(1-2):11–21.
31. Ciliberti R, Armocida G, Licata M. Rebury the “Atavistic Skull” Studied by Lombroso? Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2019. https://doi:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000460.
32. Ciliberti R, Monza F, De Stefano F, Licata M. The trial of the skull studied by the founder of Criminal Anthropology: The war of the Lombroso Museum. J Forensic Leg Med 2018; 59:13–5. https://doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2018.07.011.
33. Busatta S. La controversia sull’Uomo di Kennewick. Antrocom 2006; 2(1):37–43.
34. Rasmussen M, Sikora M, Albrechtsen A, Korneliussen TS, Moreno-Mayar JV, Poznik GD, Zollikofer CPE, de León MP, Allentoft ME, Moltke I, Jónsson H, Valdiosera C, Malhi RS, Orlando L, Bustamante CD, Stafford TW, Meltzer DJ, Nielsen R, Willerslev E. The ancestry and affiliations of Kennewick Man. Nat 2015; 523:455–458. https://doi: 10.1038/nature14625.
35. Kenneth M. Laying the Ancient One to Rest: The Kennewick Man and Conflict over Heritage Values. In https://www.academia.edu/36080682/Laying_the_Ancient_One_to_Rest_The_Kennewick_Man_and_Conflict_over_Heritage_Values; 2019 Accessed 28 November 2019.
36. Thomas DH. Museums: Ethics of exhibition. Nat 2015; 531:302–3.
37. Brooks MM, Rumsey C. Who Knows the Fate of His Bones? Rethinking the Body on Display: Object, Art or Human Remains’. In: Knell SJ, MacLeod S, Watson S. eds. Museum Revolutions: How Museums Change and Are Changed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007:343–54
38. Lohman J, Goodnow K. Human Remains and Museum Practice, Paris, FR and London: UNESCO and the Museum of London.
39. Ameisen JC, Le Coz P. Avis no 111 sur les problèmes éthiques posés par l’utilisation des cadavres à des fins de conservation ou d’exposition muséale. Paris: Comité consultatif national d’éthique pour les sciences de la vie et de la santé, 2010.
40. Preuss D. Body worlds. Looking back and looking ahead. Ann Anat 2008; 190(1):23–32 https://doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2007.07.002.
41. Charliera P, Champagnata J, Brunac L, Augiasa A, Laquaya L, Hervé C. Human remains exhibition and ethics principles: A French medical experience and Evaluation Exposition de restes humains et principes ethiques : experience et e´valuation me´dicale francaise. La Revue de Médecine Légale 2014; 5(4):140–7.
42. de Herder WW. Acromegalic gigantism, physicians and body snatching. Past or present? Pituitary 2012; 15(3):312–8. https://doi: 10.1007/s11102-012-0389-5.
43. Doyal L, Muinzer T. Should the skeleton of ‘‘The Irish giant’’ be buried at sea? British Med J 2011;364:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d7597.
44. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3739996/The-hidden-tribe-remote-Papua-villagers-mummify-ancestors-remains-near-perfect-state-hundreds-years.html; 2019 Accessed 28 November 2019.
45. La Padula A. Roma e la Regione nell’Epoca Napoleonica. Contributo alla storia urbanistica della città e del territorio. Roma: Ist. Edit. Pubblicazioni Internazionali, 1969:41.
46. Bollettino delle leggi e decreti imperiali pubblicati dalla Consulta Straordinaria negli Stati Romani. Roma: Luigi Perego Salvioni, 1809; 1(15):367.
47. Cordovani R. The Capuchin Cemetery: Historical Notes and Guide. Rome: Capuchin Friars Minor, 2002.
48. Ciliberti R, Tosi A, Licata M. Feline’s mummies as a fertilizer. Criticisms on the destruction of archaeozoological remains during the 19th centur. Journal Archaeofauna in press.
49. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ground-mummies-were-once-ingredient-paint 180950350/.
50. Tubbs RS, Loukas M. Hic locus est ubi mortui viveuntes docent. Clin Anat 2009;22:942.
51. Falk JH, Dierking LD. Learning from Museums: Visitor Experiences and the Making of Meaning. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Pres, 2000.
52. Burns L. Gunther von Hagen’s Body worlds. Selling beautiful education. Am J Bioethics 2007; 7(4):12–23.
53. Sedivy R. Man on display. Corpses and organs in public. Wien Med Wochenschr 2007; 157(9–10):219–2.
54. https://icom.museum/en/activities/standards-guidelines/code-of-ethics/.
55. Monza F, Ianovitz S. Collezioni di paleopatologia e anatomia patologica: politiche di acquisizione e alienazione dei resti umani. In: Atti Giornate di Museologia Medica 2012; 1:47–51.
56. https://brewminate.com/the-insta-dead-the-rhetoric-of-the-human-remains-trade-on-instagram/doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4099.5604; 2019 Accessed 28 November 2019.
57. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/08/human-skulls-sale-legal-ebay-forensics-science/;2019 Accessed 28 November 2019.
58. Jenkins T. Contesting human remains in museum collections: the crisis of cultural authority. New York; London: Routledge, 2011.
59. Halling C, Seidemann RM. They Sell Skulls Online?! A Review of Internet Sales of Human Skulls on eBay and the Laws in Place to Restrict Sales. J For Sci 2016; 61(5):1322–6.
60. Huffer D, Charlton N. “Serious Enquiries Only, Please”: Ethical Issues Raised by the Online Human Remains Trade. Department of Archaeology & Classical Studies, Wallenberglaboratoriet, Lilla Frescativägen 7, Stockholm, SW: Stockholm University, 2017; 114(18):1–16.
61. https://www.etikkom.no/en/ethical-guidelines-for-research/guidelines-for-research--ethics-on-human-remains/.
62. Marsh T. The Law of Human Remains. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company, Incorporated; 2016.
63. Márquez-Grant N, Fibiger L. The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation: An International Guide to Laws and Practice in the Excavation and Treatment of Archaeological Human Remains. London, UK: Routledge; 2011.
64. Battillo JM. A critique of legal protection for human remains in Idaho with suggestions for improvement of current legislation. September 2012.
65. Halling CL, Seidemann RM. They sell skulls online?! A review of internet sales of human skulls on eBay and the laws in place to restrict sales. J For Sci 2016; 61:1322–6.
66. Killgrove K. Mummy crowd funder leaves archaeologists fuming. Forbes; 2016. http://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinakillgrove/2016/10/10/mummy-crowdfunder-leavesarchaeologists-fuming/#115d303f1d2d. ; 2019 Accessed 28 November 2019.
67. Antoine A. Curating Human Remains in Museum Collections: Broader Considerations and a British Museum Perspective. In: Fletcher A, Antoine D, Hill JD. eds Regarding the Dead: Human Remains in the British Museum., London: The British Museum 2014; 3–9.
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Licata M, Bonsignore A, Boano R, Monza F, Fulcheri E, Ciliberti R. Study, conservation and exhibition of human remains: the need of a bioethical perspective. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(4):e2020110. doi:10.23750/abm.v91i4.9674
