Frailty syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis and symptomatic osteoarthritis: an emerging concept in rheumatology
Keywords:
Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, frailty, ageing population, outcomeAbstract
Musculoskeletal conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) were the leading cause of disability in developed countries and disproportionately affects older adults. Frailty is an emerging concept in rheumatology, which represents an important construct to aid in the identification of in- dividuals who are vulnerable to adverse events and less favourable outcomes. The prevalence of frailty among the community-dwelling population increases with age: it ranges from 7% to 10% in those aged over 65 years and to 20–40% among octogenarians. Among patients with RA, the prevalence of frailty is comparable to, or even greater, that of older geriatric cohorts and pre-frailty, a condition including a major health vulnerability between robust and frail, is much more prevalent in RA than in geriatric cohorts. Clinical OA is also associated with frailty and pre-frailty in older adults in European countries. The overall prevalence of clinical OA at any site was 30.4%; frailty was present in 10.2% and pre-frailty in 51.0 %. The diagnosis of frailty is usually clinical and based on specific criteria, which are sometimes inconsistent. Therefore, there is an increasing need to identify and vali- date robust biomarkers for this condition. In the literature, different criteria have been validated to identify frail older subjects, which mainly refer to two conceptual models: the Physical Frailty (PF) phenotype proposed by Fried and the cumulative deficit approach proposed by Rockwood. The purpose of this review was to quantita- tively synthesize published literature on the prevalence of frailty in RA and OA and summarize current evidence on the validity and practicality of the most commonly used screening tools for frailty.
References
Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–M56
Andrews JS, Trupin L, Yelin EH, Hough CL, Covinsky KE, Katz PP. Frailty and reduced physical function go hand in hand in adults with rheumatoid arthritis: a US observational cohort study. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(5):1031-1039
Haider S, Grabovac I, Berner C, et al. Frailty in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis patients of working age: a cross-sectional study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019; 37(4):585-592
Salaffi F, Di Carlo M, Farah S, Di Donato E, Carotti M. Prevalence of frailty and its associated factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38(7):1823-1830
Walston J, Hadley EC, Ferrucci L, et al. Research agenda for frailty in older adults: toward a better understanding of physiology and etiology: summary from the American geriatrics society/national institute on aging research conference on frailty in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54:991–1001
Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Development and validation of QMortality risk prediction algorithm to estimate short term risk of death and assess frailty: cohort study. BMJ. 2017 20;358:j4208
Auyeung TW, Lee JS, Kwok T et al. Physical frailty predicts future cognitive decline: A four-year prospective study in 2737 cognitively normal older adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2011;15:690–694
Mitnitski A, Fallah N, Rockwood MR et al. Transitions in cognitive status in relation to frailty in older adults: A comparison of three frailty measures. J Nutr Health Aging 2011;15:863–867
Hastings SN, Purser JL, Johnson KS et al. Frailty predicts some but not all adverse outcomes in older adults discharged from the emergency department. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:1651–1657
Wick JY. Understanding frailty in the geriatric population. Consult Pharm. 2011;26(9):634–45
Santos-Eggimann B, Cuénoud P, Spagnoli J, Junod J. Prevalence of frailty in middle-aged and older community-dwelling Europeans living in 10 countries. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(6):675–681
Moorhouse P, Rockwood K. Frailty and its quantitative clinical evaluation. The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 2012;42(4):333–340
Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet 2013;381:752–762
Muscedere J, Waters B, Varambally A, et al. The impact of frailty on intensive care unit outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2017;43:1105–1122
O'Caoimh R, Galluzzo L, Rodríguez-Laso Á, et al. Prevalence of frailty at population level in European ADVANTAGE Joint Action Member States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2018; 54(3):226-238.
Partridge JSL, Harari D, Dhesi JK. Frailty in the older surgical patient: a review. Age Ageing 2012;41:142–147), Biogerontology 2010;11:547–563
Searle SD, Mitnitski A, Gahbauer EA, Gill TM, Rockwood K. A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatr 2008;8:24
Rockwood K, Mitnitski A. Frailty defined by deficit accumulation and geriatric medicine defined by frailty. Clin Geriatr Med 2011; 27: 17–2614
Choi J, Ahn A, Kim S, Won CW. Global prevalence of physical frailty by Fried’s criteria in community-dwelling elderly with national population based surveys. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2015; 16(7):548–50
Michel JP, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Cederholm T. Frailty, exercise and nutrition. Clin Geriatr Med. 2015;31(3):375–87
Collard RM, Boter H, Schoevers RA, Oude Voshaar RC. Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(8):1487–1492
Cawthon PM, Marshall LM, Michael Y, et al. Frailty in older men: prevalence, progression, and relationship with mortality. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55(8):1216– 1223
Metzelthin SF, Daniels R, van Rossum, et al. The psychometric properties of three self-report screening instruments for identifying frail older people in the community. BMC PublicHealth 2010;10:176
Alvarado BE, Zunzunegui MV, Beland F, Bamvita JM. Life course social and health conditions linked to frailty in Latin American older men and women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(12):1399–406
Shinkai S, Yoshida H, Taniguchi Y, et al. Public health approach to preventing frailty in the community and its effect on healthy aging in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016;16 Suppl 1:87–97
Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA. Preventing pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;296(8):974-984
Mulasso A, Roppolo M, Giannotta F, Rabaglietti E. Associations of frailty and psychosocial factors with autonomy in daily activities: a cross-sectional study in Italian community-dwelling older adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2016,11;11:37-45
Salaffi F, De Angelis R, Grassi W; MArche Pain Prevalence; INvestigation Group (MAPPING) study. Prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions in an Italian population sample: results of a regional community-based study. I. The MAPPING study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005; 23(6):819-28.
Cimmino MA, Salaffi F. The fate of the patient with musculoskeletal disorders in Italy: an epidemiological insight. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007;25(6):803-805
Bandeen-Roche K, Xue QL, Ferrucci L, et al. Phenotype of frailty: characterization in the women’s health and aging studies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006;61(3):262–266
Bindawas SM, Vennu V, Stubbs B. Longitudinal Relationship Between Knee Pain Status and Incident Frailty: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Pain Med. 2018 Nov 1;19(11):2146-2153
Salaffi F, De Angelis R, Stancati A, Grassi W; MArche Pain; Prevalence INvestigation Group (MAPPING) study. Health-related quality of life in multiple musculoskeletal conditions: a cross-sectional population based epidemiological study. II. The MAPPING study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005;23(6):829-39
Salaffi F, Di Carlo M, Carotti M, Farah S, Ciapetti A, Gutierrez M. The impact of different rheumatic diseases on health-related quality of life: a comparison with a selected sample of healthy individuals using SF-36 questionnaire, EQ-5D and SF-6D utility values. Acta Biomed. 2019;89(4):541-557.
Furneri G, Mantovani LG, Belisari A, et al. Systematic literature review on economic implications and pharmacoeconomic issues of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30 (4 Suppl 73):S72–S84
Leardini G, Salaffi F, Montanelli R, Gerzeli S, Canesi B. A multicenter cost-of-illness study on rheumatoid arthritis in Italy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002;20(4):505–515
Curtis JR, Shan Y, Harrold L, Zhang J, Greenberg JD, Reed GW. Patient perspectives on achieving treat-to-target goals: a critical examination of patient-reported outcomes. Arthritis care & research. 2013;65(10):1707–1712
Katz PP, Radvanski DC, Allen D, et al. Development and validation of a short form of the valued life activities disability questionnaire for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care & Research. 2011;63(12):1664–1671
Harris ED Jr Rheumatoid arthritis. Pathophysiology and implications for therapy. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1277–1289
Choi SJ, Rho YH, Ji JD, Song GG, Lee YH. Genome scan meta-analysis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45:166–170
Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research G Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. The journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. 2001;56(3):M146–156
Baker JF, Von Feldt J, Mostoufi-Moab S, et al. Deficits in muscle mass, muscle density, and modified associations with fat in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care & Research 2014; 66(11):1612–1618
Giles JT, Bartlett SJ, Andersen RE, Fontaine KR, Bathon JM. Association of body composition with disability in rheumatoid arthritis: impact of appendicular fat and lean tissue mass. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59(10):1407–1415
Kramer HR, Fontaine KR, Bathon JM, Giles JT. Muscle density in rheumatoid arthritis: associations with disease features and functional outcomes. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(8):2438–2450
Roubenoff R. Rheumatoid cachexia: a complication of rheumatoid arthritis moves into the 21st century. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2009;11(2):108
Katz P, Margaretten M, Trupin L, Schmajuk G, Yazdany J, Yelin E. Role of sleep disturbance, depression, obesity, and physical inactivity in fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care & Research 2016;68(1):81–90
Hirani V, Naganathan V, Blyth F, et al. Longitudinal associations between body composition, sarcopenic obesity and outcomes of frailty, disability, institutionalisation and mortality in community-dwelling older men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. Age and ageing. 2016;46(3):413-420
Beenakker KG, Ling CH, Meskers CG et al. Patterns of muscle strength loss with age in the general population and patients with a chronic inflammatory state. Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9: 431–436
Barile-Fabris LA, Perez-Cristobal M, Merlos-Lopez RJ, Xibille- Friedman D. Frailty syndrome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2016; 54 (Suppl 2): S210–S215
Tada M, Yamada Y, Mandai K, Hidaka N. Correlation between frailty and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Data from the CHIKARA study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019;19(12):1220-1225
Castell MV, van der Pas S, Otero A, et al. Osteoarthritis and frailty in elderly individuals across six European countries: results from the European Project on OSteoArthritis (EPOSA). BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015;16:359
Maddocks M, Kon SS, Canavan JL, et al. Physical frailty and pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: a prospective cohort study. Thorax. 2016;71(11):988-995
Li Y, Wei X, Zhou J, Wei L. The age-related changes in cartilage and osteoarthritis. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:916530
Leardini G, Salaffi F, Caporali R, Canesi B, Rovati L, Montanelli R; Italian Group for Study of the Costs of Arthritis. Direct and indirect costs of osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004;22(6):699-706.
Salaffi F, Carotti M, Stancati A, Grassi W. Health-related quality of life in older adults with symptomatic hip and knee osteoarthritis: a comparison with matched healthy controls. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2005;17(4):255-63
Van Saase JLCM, van Romunde LKJ, Cats A, Vandenbroucke JP, Valkenburg HA. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Zoetermeer survey. Comparison of radiological osteoarthritis in a Dutch population with that in 10 other populations. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:271–280
Felson DT, Naimark A, Anderson J, Kazis L, Castelli W, Meenan RF. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the elderly. The Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheum 1987;30:914–918
Miguel Rde C, Dias RC, Dias JM, et al. Frailty syndrome in the community-dwelling elderly with osteoarthritis. Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52(3):331–47
Misra D, Felson DT, Silliman RA, et al. Knee osteoarthritis and frailty: Findings from the multicenter osteoarthritis study and osteoarthritis initiative. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015;70(3):339–449
Shega JW, Dale W, Andrew M, et al. Persistent pain and frailty: A case for homeostenosis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60(1):113–117
Lee JS, Auyeung TW, Leung J, Kwok T, Woo J. Transitions in frailty states among community-living older adults and their associated factors. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014;15(4):281–286
Trevisan C, Veronese N, Maggi S, et al. Marital status and frailty in older people: Gender differences in the Progetto Veneto Anziani Longitudinal Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2016;25(6):630–637
Harris WH, Sledge CB. Total hip and total knee replacement (2) N Engl J Med. 1990;323(12):801–807
Xue QL. The frailty syndrome: definition and natural history. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011;27(1):1–15
Gobbens RJ, van Assen MA, Luijkx KG, Schols JM. Testing an integral conceptual model of frailty. J Adv Nurs. 2012;68(9):2047–2060
Meessen JMTA, Leichtenberg CS, Tilbury C, et al. Frailty in end-stage hip or knee osteoarthritis: validation of the Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI) questionnaire. Rheumatol Int. 2018;38(5):917-924.
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412–23
Walston JD. Sarcopenia in older adults. Current opinion in rheumatology. 2012; 24(6):623–7
Stenholm S, Harris TB, Rantanen T, Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Ferrucci L. Sarcopenic obesity: definition, cause and consequences. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008;11:693–700
Patel HP, Syddall HE, Jameson K et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia in community dwelling older people in the UK using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) definition: findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS). Age Ageing 2013;(42):378–84
Grimby G, Saltin B. The ageing muscle. Clinical Physiology. 1983; 3:209–18.
Faulkner JA, Larkin LM, Claflin DR, Brooks SV. Age-Related Changes In The Structure And Function Of Skeletal Muscles. (2007):1091–6).
Verschueren S, Gielen E, O’Neill TW et al. Sarcopenia and its relationship with bone mineral density in middleaged and elderly European men. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24: 87–98
Cooper C, Dere W, Evans W et al. Frailty and sarcopenia: definitions and outcome parameters. Osteoporos. Int. 2012;(23)1839–48
von Haehling S, Morley JE, Anker SD. An overview of sarcopenia: factsand numbers on prevalence and clinical impact. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2010;(1):129–133
Song X, Mitnitski A, MacKnight C et al. Assessment of individual risk of death using self-report data: An artificial neural network compared with a frailty index. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1180–1184
Yang Y, Lee LC. Dynamics and heterogeneity in the process of human frailty and aging: Evidence from the U.S. older adult population. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2010;65B(2):246-255
Woo J, Goggins W, Sham A, et al. Public health significance of the Frailty Index. Disability and Rehabilitation 2006; 28(8): 515-521
Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, et al. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994;49(2):M85–94
Subra J, Gillette-Guyonnet S, Cesari M, Oustric S, Vellas B. The integration of frailty into clinical practice: preliminary results from the Gerontopole. J Nutr Health Aging 2012;16(8):714–720
Baldwin MR, Reid MC, Westlake AA, et al. The feasibility of measuring frailty to predict disability and mortality in older medical intensive care unit survivors. J Crit Care. 2014;29(3):401–408
Romero-Ortuno R, O'Shea D, Kenny RA. The SHARE frailty instrument for primary care predicts incident disability in a European population-based sample. Qual Prim Care. 2011;19(5):301-309
Bandinelli S, Lauretani F, Boscherini V, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of disability prevention in frail older patients screened in primary care: the FRASI study. Design and baseline evaluation. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2006;18(5):359–366
Vasunilashorn S, Coppin AK, Patel KV, et al. Use of the short physical performance battery score to predict loss of ability to walk 400 meters: analysis from the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(2):223–239.
Camara SM, Alvarado BE, Guralnik JM, Guerra RO, Maciel AC. Using the short physical performance battery to screen for frailty in young-old adults with distinct socioeconomic conditions. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(2):421–428
Soler V, Sourdet S, Balardy L, et al. Visual Impairment Screening at the Geriatric Frailty Clinic for Assessment of Frailty and Prevention of Disability at the Gérontopôle. J Nutr Health Aging. 2016;20(8):870-877.
Mitnitski AB, Mogilner AJ, Rockwood K. Accumulation of deficits as a proxy measure of aging. Scientific World Journal 2001;1:323–336
Hubbard RE, O'Mahony MS, Woodhouse KW. Characterising frailty in the clinical setting—a comparison of different approaches. Age Ageing 2009;38(1):115–119
Steverink N, Slaets J, Schuurmans H, Van Lis M. Measuring frailty: developing and testing of the Groningen frailty indicator (GFI). Gerontologist 2001;41(1):236–237
Rolfson DB, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Tahir A, Rockwood K. Validity and reliability of the Edmonton frail scale. Age Ageing 2006;35(5):526–529
Stuck AE, Iliffe S. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older adults. BMJ. 2011;343
Hoover M, Rotermann M, Sanmartin C, Bernier J. Validation of an index to estimate the prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling seniors. Health Rep 2013;24(9):10-17
Gobbens RJ, Krans A, van Assen MA. Validation of an integral conceptual model of frailty in older residents of assisted living facilities. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;61(3):400-10.
Raîche M, Hébert R, Dubois M-F. PRISMA-7: a casefinding tool to identify older adults with moderate to severe disabilities. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2008; 47 (1): 9–18
Tocchi C, Dixon J, Naylor M, Sangchoon J, McCorkle R. Development of a frailty index measure for older adults: The Frailty Index for Elders. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 2014;22(2), 223-240
Saliba D, Elliott M, Rubenstein LZ, et al. The vulnerable elders survey: a tool for identifying vulnerable older people in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(12):1691–1699
De Lepeleire J, Ylieff M, Stessens J, et al. The validity of the Frail instrument in general practice. Arch Public Health 2004; 62: 185–196
Lachs MS, Feinstein AR, Cooney LM Jr, et al. A simple procedure for general screening for functional disability in elderly patients. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112(9): 699–706
De Witte N, Gobbens R, De Donder L et al. Validation of the comprehensive frailty assessment instrument against the Tilburg frailty indicator. Eur Geriatr Med 2013; 4: 248–254
Warnier RMJ, van Rossum E, van Leendert J, et al. Screening for frailty in older hospitalized patients: Reliability and feasibility of the Maastricht frailty screening tool for hospitalized patients (MFST-HP). Res Gerontol Nurs. 2016;9:243‐251
Sewo Sampaio PY, Sampaio RAC, Yamada M, Ogita M, Arai H. Validation and Translation of the Kihon Checklist (frailty index) into Brazilian Portuguese. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 14 (3): 561–569
Kajsa E, Katarina W, Sten L, Synneve ID. Screening for frailty among older emergency department visitors: Validation of the new FRESH-screening instrument. BMC Emerg Med. 2016;16(1):27
Peters LL, Boter H, Buskens E, Slaets JP. Measurement properties of the Groningen frailty indicator in home-dwelling and institutionalized elderly people. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012;13(6):546–51
Hilmer SN, Perera V, Mitchell S et al. The assessment of frailty in older people in acute care. Australas J Ageing 2009;28:182–188
Graham MM, Galbraith PD, O’Neill D, et al. Frailty and outcome in elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome. Can J Cardiol 2013;29: 1610-5
Overcash JA, Beckstead J, Extermann M, Cobb S. The abbreviated comprehensive geriatric assessment (aCGA): a retrospective analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2005;54(2):129–36
Leng SX, Cappola AR, Andersen RE, et al. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and their relationships with serum interleukin-6, in the geriatric syndrome of frailty. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2004;16(2):153–7
Hebert R, Carrier R, Bilodeau A. The Functional Autonomy Measurement System (SMAF): description and validation of an instrument for the measurement of handicaps. Age Ageing 1988; 17 (5): 293–302
Cacciatore F, Abete P,Mazzella F, et al. Frailty predicts long-ter mortality in elderly subjects with chronic heart failure. Eur J Clin Invest 2005;35(12): 723–730
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Multimorbidity: clinical assessment and management, NICE guidelines NG56. In: NICE, ed. London, 2016:443
Clegg A, Bates C, Young J, et al. Development and validation of an electronic frailty index using routine primary care electronic health record data. Age Ageing2016;358:353-60
Safari S, Baratloo A, Elfil M, Negida A. Evidence Based Emergency Medicine; Part 5 Receiver Operating Curve and Area under the Curve. Emerg (Tehran) 2016;358:111-3
Salaffi F, Di Carlo M, Farah S. Carotti M. Development and validation of a multidimensional frailty screening instrument in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the Comprehensive Rheumatologic Assessment of Frailty (CRAF) index. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2019 (in press)
Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2005; 173(5): 489-495
Weiss A, Beloosesky Y, Boaz M et al. Body mass index is inversely related to mortality in elderly subjects. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23:19-24
Garner RE, Feeny DH, Thompson A et al. Bodyweight, gender, and quality of life: a population-based longitudinal study. Qual Life Res 2012;21:813-825
Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:392e397
Bohannon RW. Is it legitimate to characterize muscle strength using a limited number of measures? J Strength Cond Res 2008;22:166e173.
Spiegel TM, Spiegel JS, Paulus HE. The joint alignment and motion scale: a simple measure of joint deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1987;14(5):887–892].
Wolfe F, Catley MA The assessment and prediction of functional disability in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1991;18(9):1298–1306
Adams j, Burridge J, Mullee M, Hammond A, Coopper C. Correlation between upper limb functional ability and structural hand impairment in an early rheumatoid population. Clin Rehabil 2004;18(4):405–413
Stanmore EK, Oldham J, Skelton DA et al. Risk factors for falls in adults with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2013; 65: 1251-8
Yamagiwa K, Iijima S, Furuya T et al. Incidence of falls and fear of falling in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2011; 21: 51-6
Bohler C, Radner H, Ernst M et al. Rheumatoid arthritis and falls: the influence of disease activity. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51: 2051-7
Brenton-Rule A, Dalbeth N, Menz Hb, Bassett S, Rome K. Are foot and ankle characteristics associated with falls in people with rheumatoid arthritis? a prospective study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2017; 69: 1150-5
Ometto F, Fedeli U, Schievano E, Botsios C, Punzi L, Corti MC. Cause-specific mortality in a large population-based cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Italy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2018; 36(4):636-642
Michaud K, Wolfe F Comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2007;21:885-906
Milton JC, Hill-Smith I, Jackson SHD. Prescribing for older people. BMJ 2008;336:606-609
Gutiérrez-Valencia M, Izquierdo M, Cesari M, Casas-Herrero Á, Inzitari M, Martínez-Velilla N. The relationship between frailty and polypharmacy in older people: A systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(7):1432-1444
Herr M, Robine JM, Pinot J, Arvieu JJ, Ankri J. Polypharmacy and frailty: prevalence, relationship, and impact on mortality in a French sample of 2350 old people. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2015:24:637-646
McHorney CA, Ware JE Jr, Lu JF, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Med Care 1994;32:40-66
Moreh E, Jacobs JM, Stessman J. Fatigue, function, and mortality in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010;65:887-895
Aletaha D, Landewe R, Karonitsch T et al. Reporting disease activity in clinical trials of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: EULAR/ACR collaborative recommendations. Arthritis Rheum 2008;59:1371-1377
Pincus T, Sokka T. Quantitative measures for assessing rheumatoid arthritis in clinical trials and clinical care. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17(5):753–781
Lillegraven S, Kvien TK. Measuring disability and quality of life in established rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21(5):827–840
Wade KF, Lee DM, Mcbeth J et al. Chronic widespread pain is associated with worsening frailty in European men. Age Ageing 2016; 45: 268–274
Soubrier M, Dougados M. Selecting criteria for monitoring patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2005;72:129–134
Prevoo ML, van ‘t Hof MA, Kuper HH, van Leeuwen MA, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:44–4
van der Heijde DM. Radiographic imaging: the ‘gold standard’ for assessment of disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:9–16
Hawley DJ, Wolfe F. Pain, disability, and pain/disability relationships in seven rheumatic disorders: a study of 1,522 patients. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:1552–1557
Li N, Chan E, Peterson S. The economic burden of depression among adults with rheumatoid arthritis in the United States. J Med Econ. 2019;5:1-7
Ní Mhaoláin AM, Fan CW, Romero-Ortuno R, et al. Frailty, depression, and anxiety in later life. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(8):1265-74
Salaffi F, Di Carlo M, Carotti M, Farah S. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Thermometer-5-Item Scale (5T-PROs): Validation of a New Tool for the Quick Assessment of Overall Health Status in Painful Rheumatic Diseases. Pain Res Manag 2018;2018:3496846
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
How to Cite
