Workplace Bullying in Italy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Main Article Content
Keywords
workers , bullying, workplace, organization, health status, mental health, Italy
Abstract
Background: Within any work environment, employees may be affected by “workplace bullying”, a form of violent and repeated social behavior towards subordinates and colleagues. This review aimed to investigate the prevalence of bullied workers in Italy, the causes of the phenomenon, and the consequences at physical, psychological, and organizational levels. Methods: We included observational studies and systematic reviews examining the prevalence of bullied workers and the causes and consequences in Italian workplaces. Data extraction and analysis were performed on all included studies. The research strategy included three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). A comprehensive search was done to retrieve articles based on a PRISMA-compliant protocol registered in PROSPERO: CRD 42023394635. Results: One hundred eighty-four articles were retrieved, and once duplicates and irrelevant articles were removed, 42 useful articles were reviewed. The mean pooled prevalence, calculated based on workers complaining of mistreatment, was 6.7% (SD: 4,09) and increased significantly to 17.0% (SD: 12.88) when considering only healthcare workplaces. Causes include how impaired mental health and high workload reinforce the possibility of being bullied in the workplace, resulting in a worsening of the worker's quality of life (physical and psychological) and the work organization with increased absenteeism and job changes. Conclusions: Workplace bullying is a very present phenomenon within workplaces in Italy. In light of this, it is necessary to put prevention plans in place and find solutions to maintain optimal organizational well-being in the work environment.
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3. Dassisti L, Loriol M, Mininni G, et al. Percezioni e rappresentazioni del mobbing: un’analisi comparativa tra Italia e Francia. [Perceptions and representations of workplace bullying: a comparative analysis between Italy and France]. G Ital Lav Ergon. 2020; 42(3):160-173.
4. Salducci M, Shaholli D. Assessment of workplace bullying in Italy by INAIL: forensic and occupational medicine considerations. Clin Ter. 2023;174(1):93-96. Doi: 10.7417/CT.2023.2503
5. Marini ZA, Dane AV, Bosacki SL, Cura Y. Direct and indirect bully-victims: differential psychosocial risk factors associated with adolescents involved in bullying and victimization. Aggress Behav. 2006; 32(6):551-569. Doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2014.09.001.
6. Fiabane E, Flachi D, Giorgi I, et al. Esiti professionali e salute psicologica a seguito di vessazioni sul luogo di lavoro: uno studio esplorativo di follow-up [Professional outcomes and psychological health after workplace bullying: an exploratory follow-up study]. Med Lav. 2015;106(4):271-83. Italian.
7. D'Errico A, Costa G. Socio-demographic and work-related risk factors for medium- and long-term sickness absence among Italian workers. Eur J Public Health. 2012;22(5):683-8. Doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckr140
8. Zapf D, Escartin J, Einarsen S, Hoel H, Vartia M. Empirical findings on prevalence and risk groups of bullying in the workplace. In: Einarsen S, Hoel H, Zapf D, Cooper CL editor(s). Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Frances, 2011:75-105
9. The Professional Institute of the Public Service of Canada – Bullying and Violence in the Workplace. Available on: https://pipsc.ca/labour-relations/stewards/pocket-guides/pocket-guide-bullying-violence-in-workplace (Last Accessed on 23 August 2023)
10. Eurofound (2012), Fifth European Working Conditions Survey, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
11. D’assisti L, Stufano A, Lovreglio P, et al. Donne e uomini, autori e vittime di mobbing in Italia: una revisione della letteratura. [Women and men, authors and victims of workplace bullying in Italy: a literature review]. Med Lav. 2020; 111(6):463-477. Doi: 10.23749/mdl.v111i6.9408
12. Grima D, La Torre G, Sernia S. What to remove from the work environment: the sick worker or the cause of his sickness? Workplace bullying, a form of violence that causes sickness. Clin Ter. 2023;174(3):303-308. Doi: 10.7417/CT.2023.2538. PMID: 37199368
13. Salin, D, & Hoel H. (2010). Organisational causes of workplace bullying. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research, and practice (pp. 227–243). Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
14. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) - Hierarchy of Controls Applied to NIOSH Total Worker Health®. Available on: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/twh/guidelines.html (Last Accessed on 24 August 2023)
15. Gillen PA, Sinclair M, Kernohan WG, et al. Interventions for prevention of bullying in the workplace. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;1(1):CD009778. Doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009778.pub2
16. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews BMJ. 2021;372:71.
17. Wells GA, Shea B, O'Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analysis. 2011. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
18. McPheeters ML, Kripalini S, Peterson NB, et al. Quality Improvement Interventions to Address Health Disparities. Evidence Report/ technology Assessment. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0049222/pdf/TOC.pdf
19. Appendix G pages 103-104 in http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH004922
20. Arcangeli G, Giorgi G, Ferrero C, et al. Prevalenza del fenomeno mobbing in una popolazione di infermieri di tre aziende ospedaliere italiane. G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2014;36:181-185.
21. Balducci C, Baillien E, Broeck AVD, et al. Job Demand, Job Control, and Impaired Mental Health in the Experience of Workplace Bullying Behavior: A Two-Wave Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(4):1358. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041358
22. Balducci C, Alfano V, Fraccaroli F. Relationships between mobbing at work and MMPI-2 personality profile, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and suicidal ideation and behavior. Violence Vict. 2009; 24(1):52-67. Doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.24.1.52
23. Balducci C, Cecchin M, Fraccaroli F. The impact of role stressors on workplace bullying in both victims and perpetrators, controlling for personal vulnerability factors: A longitudinal analysis. Work and Stress. 2012; 26(3):195-212.
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Colaprico C, Grima D, Shaholli D, Imperiale I, La Torre G. Workplace Bullying in Italy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Med Lav [Internet]. 2023 Dec. 7 [cited 2024 Nov. 26];114(6):e2023049. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/14673
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Colaprico C, Grima D, Shaholli D, Imperiale I, La Torre G. Workplace Bullying in Italy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Med Lav [Internet]. 2023 Dec. 7 [cited 2024 Nov. 26];114(6):e2023049. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/14673
