On the dissection of fibrotic hypodermic connective tissue in aesthetic and plastic surgery
Main Article Content
Keywords
subcision, aponeurotomy, fibrotic connective septa, cellulite, Dupuytren disease
Abstract
Background: There are many procedures that refer to the dissection of fibrotic connective tissue in the hypodermis: subcision, needle aponeurotomy, percutaneous needle fasciotomy, and Rigottomy. The only aspect that differentiates all these procedures appears to be their therapeutic target. Aim: This systematic review aims to determine whether the aforementioned techniques are different, or if there is redundant terminology, by highlighting differences, similarities, and overlaps between the techniques. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed database for relevant studies published up to August 2022. Results: Of the 384 articles identified through the literary research, 263 met the eligibility criteria. 46.77% of these came from searching the term "subcision" and referred mainly to aesthetic treatments, such as reducing the visual stigma of scars and improving the appearance of cellulite. 47.53% of the articles referred to the reduction of hand contractures, mainly related to Dupuytren's disease. The various procedures refer to different applications, but the biological effect they cause are similar. Conclusions: The review provided relevance to the presence of many terms that indicate similar procedures and have similar biological effects, but all refer to fibrotic hypodermic connective tissue dissection. However, the fields of application are different and the clinical results described in the literature suggest the need of an elaborate dialogue between different specialists.
References
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2. Khouri RK, Smit JM, Cardoso E, et al. Percutaneous aponeurotomy and lipofilling: A regenerative alternative to flap reconstruction? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013; 132(5):1280-1290.
3. Lermusiaux JL, Debeyre N. Le traitement médical de la maladie de Dupuytren. In: De Sèze S, Ryckewaert A, Kahn MF et al eds. L'Actualité Rhumatologique, Expansion Scientifique. Paris; 1979:338-343.
4. Foucher G, Lallemand S, Pajardi G. Quoi de neuf dans le traitement de la maladie de Dupuytren? [What's new in the treatment of Dupuytren's disease?]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 1998; 43(6):593-599.
5. Rethlefsen ML, Kirtley S, Waffenschmidt S, et al. PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2021; 10(1):39-57.
6. Plaut S. Scoping review and interpretation of myofascial pain/fibromyalgia syndrome: An attempt to assemble a medical puzzle. PLoS One. 2022; 17(2):e0263087-0263133.
7. de Fijter WM, Scheltinga MR, Luiting MG. Minimally invasive fasciotomy in chronic exertional compartment syndrome and fascial hernias of the anterior lower leg: Short- and long-term results. Mil Med. 2006; 171(5):399-403.
8. de Bruijn JA, van Zantvoort APM, Hundscheid HPH, et al. Comparison of 2 fasciotomes for treatment of patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the anterior leg. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021; 9(11):23259671211051358.
9. Symeonidis PD, Stavrou P. Single incision, minimally invasive fasciotomy of the anterior and lateral leg compartments with decompression of the superficial peroneal nerve. Foot Ankle Surg. 2022; 28(1):30-36.
10. de Bruijn JA, van Zantvoort AP, Winkes MB, et al. Feasibility and safety of an operative tool for anterior chronic exertional compartment syndrome treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 2015; 36(12):1475-1482.
11. Cronin JJ, Zubovic A, Last J, Moran R. Modified mini-open technique with skin transillumination for decompression fasciotomy in the treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome. J Orthop Traumatol. 2007; 8(2):77-81.
12. Reolão BR, Marques TF, Dornelles Manzoni AP. Unexpected Scar retraction and pyogenic granuloma formation after dermal filling and subcision in Goldenhar Syndrome. Dermatol Surg. 2021; 47(9):1321-1323.
13. Hexsel DM, Mazzuco R. Subcision: A treatment for cellulite. Int J Dermatol. 2000; 39(7):539-544.
14. Russell MC. An overview of Dupuytren's disease for perioperative nurses. AORN J. 2022; 115(1): 65-78.
15. Leafblad ND, Wagner E, Wanderman NR, et al. Outcomes and direct costs of needle aponeurotomy, collagenase injection, and fasciectomy in the treatment of Dupuytren contracture. J Hand Surg Am. 2019; 44(11):919-927.
16. Elzinga KE, Morhart MJ. Needle aponeurotomy for Dupuytren disease. Hand Clin. 2018; 34(3):331-344.
17. Maravic M, Beaudreuil J. Impact on costs of switching one-ray aponeurectomy to percutaneous needle aponeurotomy in Dupuytren's disease: A model analysis. Joint Bone Spine. 2015; 82(4):264-266.
18. Baltzer H, Binhammer PA. Cost-effectiveness in the management of Dupuytren's contracture. A Canadian cost-utility analysis of current and future management strategies. Bone Joint J. 2013; 95-B(8):1094-1100.
19. Herrera FA, Benhaim P, Suliman A, Roostaeian J, Azari K, Mitchell S. Cost comparison of open fasciectomy versus percutaneous needle aponeurotomy for treatment of Dupuytren contracture. Ann Plast Surg. 2013; 70(4):454-456.
20. Wiwanitkit V. Cost of open partial fasciectomy, needle aponeurotomy, and collagenase injection for dupuytren contracture. J Hand Surg Am. 2012; 37(2):394.
21. Chen NC, Shauver MJ, Chung KC. Cost-effectiveness of open partial fasciectomy, needle aponeurotomy, and collagenase injection for Dupuytren contracture. J Hand Surg Am. 2011; 36(11):1826-1834.
22. Mensa M, Williamson A, Davidson DM, Lancerotto L. Potential palmar danger zones for nerve injury in percutaneous needle fasciotomy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2022; 75(7): 2387-2440.
23. Turner J, Foroughi F, Jacob J. Epidermal inclusion cysts following Dupuytren's percutaneous needle fasciotomy: A case report. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2021; 9(8):e3724-3726.
24. Therkelsen LH, Skov ST, Laursen M, Lange J. Percutaneous needle fasciotomy in Dupuytren contracture: A register-based, observational cohort study on complications in 3,331 treated fingers in 2,257 patients. Acta Orthop. 2020; 91(3):326-330.
25. Moog P, Buchner L, Cerny MK, Schmauss D, Megerle K, Erne H. Analysis of recurrence and complications after percutaneous needle fasciotomy in Dupuytren's disease. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2019; 139(10):1471-1477.
26. Reid J, Baker J, Davidson D. Dermoid inclusion cyst following percutaneous needle fasciotomy: A novel complication. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2019; 24(1):116-117.
27. Jones C, Widdowson D, Davidson DM. Iatrogenic injury to the motor branch of the median nerve during percutaneous needle fasciotomy. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2018; 43(3):331-332.
28. Krefter C, Marks M, Hensler S, Herren DB, Calcagni M. Complications after treating Dupuytren's disease. A systematic literature review. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2017; 36(5):322-329.
29. Symes T, Stothard J. Two significant complications following percutaneous needle fasciotomy in a patient on anticoagulants. J Hand Surg Br. 2006; 31(6):606-607.
30. Dritsaki M, Rivero-Arias O, Gray A, Ball C, Nanchahal J. What do we know about managing Dupuytren's disease cost-effectively? BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018; 19(1):34-42.
31. Mansha M, Flynn D, Stothard J. Safety and effectiveness of percutaneous needle fasciotomy for Dupuytren's disease in the palm. J Hand Microsurg. 2017; 9(3):115-119.
32. Badois FJ, Lermusiaux JL, Massé C, Kuntz D. Traitement non chirurgical de la maladie de Dupuytren par aponévrotomie à l'aiguille [Non-surgical treatment of Dupuytren disease using needle fasciotomy]. Rev Rhum Ed Fr. 1993; 60(11):808-813.
33. Foucher G, Medina J, Navarro R. L'aponévrotomie percutanée à l'aiguille. Complications et résultats [Percutaneous needle aponeurotomy. complications and results]. Chir Main. 2001; 20(3):206-211.
34. Morandi EM, Pinggera D, Kerschbaumer J, et al. Correction of temporal hollowing after pterional craniotomy by autologous fat grafting. A single-center experience. World Neurosurg. 2022; 164:e784-e791.
35. Sollie M, Toyserkani NM, Bille C, Thomsen JB, Sørensen JA. Autologous fat grafting as treatment of postmastectomy pain syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022; 149(2):295-305.
36. Campiglio G, Klinger M, Vinci V. Sting Technique: A new procedure for hypoplasic lower breast poles. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2022; 46(2):697-703.
37. Gutierrez-Ontalvilla P, Naidu NS, Blanco EL, Brito EC, Ruiz-Valls A. Autologous fat grafting with percutaneous fasciotomy and reduction of the nipple-areolar complex for the correction of tuberous breast deformity in teenagers. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2020; 44(2):264-269.
38. El Khoury J, Adams D, Saliba C, El Rayes J, Massin A, Fenoll C. Surgical approach to a post-traumatic fat fracture. Cureus. 2018; 10(9):e3378.
39. Rigotti G, Marchi A, Galiè M, et al. Clinical treatment of radiotherapy tissue damage by lipoaspirate transplant: a healing process mediated by adipose-derived adult stem cells. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007; 119(5):1409-1422.
40. Sbarbati A, Accorsi D, Benati D, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue classification. Eur J Histochem. 2010; 54(4):e48.
41. Dadkhahfar S, Robati RM, Gheisari M, Moravvej H. Subcision: Indications, adverse reactions, and pearls. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020; 19(5):1029-1038.
42. Bass LS, Kaminer MS. Insights into the pathophysiology of cellulite: A review. Dermatol Surg. 2020; 46 Suppl 1(1):S77-S85.
43. McMillan C, Binhammer P. Steroid injection and needle aponeurotomy for Dupuytren contracture: a randomized, controlled study. J Hand Surg Am. 2012; 37(7):1307-1312.
44. Zhou C, Hovius SER, Pieters AJ, Slijper HP, Feitz R, Selles RW. Comparative effectiveness of needle aponeurotomy and collagenase injection for Dupuytren's contracture: A multicenter study. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017; 5(9):e1425-1431.
45. Hovius SE, Kan HJ, Verhoekx JS, Khouri RK. Percutaneous aponeurotomy and lipofilling (PALF): A regenerative approach to Dupuytren contracture. Clin Plast Surg. 2015; 42(3):375-381.
46. Binhammer P. Comparative outcomes of Dupuytren disease treatment. Hand Clin. 2018; 34(3):377-386.
47. Shukla L, Yuan Y, Shayan R, Greening DW, Karnezis T. Fat therapeutics: The clinical capacity of adipose-derived stem cells and exosomes for human disease and tissue regeneration. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11:158-180.
48. Simonacci F, Bertozzi N, Grieco MP, Raposio E. From liposuction to adipose-derived stem cells: Indications and technique. Acta Biomed. 2019; 90(2):197-208.
49. Bertheuil N, Chaput B, Ménard C, et al. Adipose mesenchymal stromal cells: Definition, immunomodulatory properties, mechanical isolation and interest for plastic surgery. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2019; 64(1):1-10.
50. Dai Prè E, Busato A, Mannucci S, et al. In vitro characterization of adipose stem cells non-enzymatically extracted from the thigh and abdomen. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(9):3081-3096.
51. Khouri RK, Rigotti G, Cardoso E, Khouri RK Jr, Biggs TM. Megavolume autologous fat transfer: Part II. Practice and techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014; 133(6):1369-1377.
52. Boero V, Brambilla M, Sipio E, et al. Vulvar lichen sclerosus: A new regenerative approach through fat grafting. Gynecol Oncol. 2015; 139(3):471-475.
53. Marcano HE, Olmeda S, García-Rinaldi R. The "crush and aspiration" technique for debridement of the aortic annulus revisited. Bol Asoc Med P R. 2009; 101(4):34-36.
54. Chen WA, Gluck GS, Li Z. Needle curette technique for hand surgery. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2015; 19(3):108-109.
55. Sivasubramanian H, Ee G, Srinivasaiah MG, De SD, Sing AM. 'Not always a Baker's cyst' - An unusual presentation of a central voluminous postero-medial meniscal cyst. Open Orthop J. 2012; 6:424-428.
56. Zeng Z, Chen CX. Ultrasound-guided needle release plus corticosteroid injection of superficial radial nerve: A case report. World J Clin Cases. 2022; 10(4):1320-1325.
57. Sun X, Wang H, Zhang X, He B. Use of a percutaneous needle release technique for trigger thumb: A retrospective study of 11 patients from a single center. Med Sci Monit. 2021; 27:e931389-931394.
58. McShane JM, Slaff S, Gold JE, Nazarian LN. Sonographically guided percutaneous needle release of the carpal tunnel for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: Preliminary report. J Ultrasound Med. 2012; 31(9):1341-1349.
59. Rigotti G, Chirumbolo S. Biological Morphogenetic Surgery: A minimally invasive procedure to address different biological mechanisms. Aesthet Surg J. 2019; 39(7):745-755.
2. Khouri RK, Smit JM, Cardoso E, et al. Percutaneous aponeurotomy and lipofilling: A regenerative alternative to flap reconstruction? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013; 132(5):1280-1290.
3. Lermusiaux JL, Debeyre N. Le traitement médical de la maladie de Dupuytren. In: De Sèze S, Ryckewaert A, Kahn MF et al eds. L'Actualité Rhumatologique, Expansion Scientifique. Paris; 1979:338-343.
4. Foucher G, Lallemand S, Pajardi G. Quoi de neuf dans le traitement de la maladie de Dupuytren? [What's new in the treatment of Dupuytren's disease?]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 1998; 43(6):593-599.
5. Rethlefsen ML, Kirtley S, Waffenschmidt S, et al. PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2021; 10(1):39-57.
6. Plaut S. Scoping review and interpretation of myofascial pain/fibromyalgia syndrome: An attempt to assemble a medical puzzle. PLoS One. 2022; 17(2):e0263087-0263133.
7. de Fijter WM, Scheltinga MR, Luiting MG. Minimally invasive fasciotomy in chronic exertional compartment syndrome and fascial hernias of the anterior lower leg: Short- and long-term results. Mil Med. 2006; 171(5):399-403.
8. de Bruijn JA, van Zantvoort APM, Hundscheid HPH, et al. Comparison of 2 fasciotomes for treatment of patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the anterior leg. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021; 9(11):23259671211051358.
9. Symeonidis PD, Stavrou P. Single incision, minimally invasive fasciotomy of the anterior and lateral leg compartments with decompression of the superficial peroneal nerve. Foot Ankle Surg. 2022; 28(1):30-36.
10. de Bruijn JA, van Zantvoort AP, Winkes MB, et al. Feasibility and safety of an operative tool for anterior chronic exertional compartment syndrome treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 2015; 36(12):1475-1482.
11. Cronin JJ, Zubovic A, Last J, Moran R. Modified mini-open technique with skin transillumination for decompression fasciotomy in the treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome. J Orthop Traumatol. 2007; 8(2):77-81.
12. Reolão BR, Marques TF, Dornelles Manzoni AP. Unexpected Scar retraction and pyogenic granuloma formation after dermal filling and subcision in Goldenhar Syndrome. Dermatol Surg. 2021; 47(9):1321-1323.
13. Hexsel DM, Mazzuco R. Subcision: A treatment for cellulite. Int J Dermatol. 2000; 39(7):539-544.
14. Russell MC. An overview of Dupuytren's disease for perioperative nurses. AORN J. 2022; 115(1): 65-78.
15. Leafblad ND, Wagner E, Wanderman NR, et al. Outcomes and direct costs of needle aponeurotomy, collagenase injection, and fasciectomy in the treatment of Dupuytren contracture. J Hand Surg Am. 2019; 44(11):919-927.
16. Elzinga KE, Morhart MJ. Needle aponeurotomy for Dupuytren disease. Hand Clin. 2018; 34(3):331-344.
17. Maravic M, Beaudreuil J. Impact on costs of switching one-ray aponeurectomy to percutaneous needle aponeurotomy in Dupuytren's disease: A model analysis. Joint Bone Spine. 2015; 82(4):264-266.
18. Baltzer H, Binhammer PA. Cost-effectiveness in the management of Dupuytren's contracture. A Canadian cost-utility analysis of current and future management strategies. Bone Joint J. 2013; 95-B(8):1094-1100.
19. Herrera FA, Benhaim P, Suliman A, Roostaeian J, Azari K, Mitchell S. Cost comparison of open fasciectomy versus percutaneous needle aponeurotomy for treatment of Dupuytren contracture. Ann Plast Surg. 2013; 70(4):454-456.
20. Wiwanitkit V. Cost of open partial fasciectomy, needle aponeurotomy, and collagenase injection for dupuytren contracture. J Hand Surg Am. 2012; 37(2):394.
21. Chen NC, Shauver MJ, Chung KC. Cost-effectiveness of open partial fasciectomy, needle aponeurotomy, and collagenase injection for Dupuytren contracture. J Hand Surg Am. 2011; 36(11):1826-1834.
22. Mensa M, Williamson A, Davidson DM, Lancerotto L. Potential palmar danger zones for nerve injury in percutaneous needle fasciotomy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2022; 75(7): 2387-2440.
23. Turner J, Foroughi F, Jacob J. Epidermal inclusion cysts following Dupuytren's percutaneous needle fasciotomy: A case report. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2021; 9(8):e3724-3726.
24. Therkelsen LH, Skov ST, Laursen M, Lange J. Percutaneous needle fasciotomy in Dupuytren contracture: A register-based, observational cohort study on complications in 3,331 treated fingers in 2,257 patients. Acta Orthop. 2020; 91(3):326-330.
25. Moog P, Buchner L, Cerny MK, Schmauss D, Megerle K, Erne H. Analysis of recurrence and complications after percutaneous needle fasciotomy in Dupuytren's disease. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2019; 139(10):1471-1477.
26. Reid J, Baker J, Davidson D. Dermoid inclusion cyst following percutaneous needle fasciotomy: A novel complication. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2019; 24(1):116-117.
27. Jones C, Widdowson D, Davidson DM. Iatrogenic injury to the motor branch of the median nerve during percutaneous needle fasciotomy. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2018; 43(3):331-332.
28. Krefter C, Marks M, Hensler S, Herren DB, Calcagni M. Complications after treating Dupuytren's disease. A systematic literature review. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2017; 36(5):322-329.
29. Symes T, Stothard J. Two significant complications following percutaneous needle fasciotomy in a patient on anticoagulants. J Hand Surg Br. 2006; 31(6):606-607.
30. Dritsaki M, Rivero-Arias O, Gray A, Ball C, Nanchahal J. What do we know about managing Dupuytren's disease cost-effectively? BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018; 19(1):34-42.
31. Mansha M, Flynn D, Stothard J. Safety and effectiveness of percutaneous needle fasciotomy for Dupuytren's disease in the palm. J Hand Microsurg. 2017; 9(3):115-119.
32. Badois FJ, Lermusiaux JL, Massé C, Kuntz D. Traitement non chirurgical de la maladie de Dupuytren par aponévrotomie à l'aiguille [Non-surgical treatment of Dupuytren disease using needle fasciotomy]. Rev Rhum Ed Fr. 1993; 60(11):808-813.
33. Foucher G, Medina J, Navarro R. L'aponévrotomie percutanée à l'aiguille. Complications et résultats [Percutaneous needle aponeurotomy. complications and results]. Chir Main. 2001; 20(3):206-211.
34. Morandi EM, Pinggera D, Kerschbaumer J, et al. Correction of temporal hollowing after pterional craniotomy by autologous fat grafting. A single-center experience. World Neurosurg. 2022; 164:e784-e791.
35. Sollie M, Toyserkani NM, Bille C, Thomsen JB, Sørensen JA. Autologous fat grafting as treatment of postmastectomy pain syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022; 149(2):295-305.
36. Campiglio G, Klinger M, Vinci V. Sting Technique: A new procedure for hypoplasic lower breast poles. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2022; 46(2):697-703.
37. Gutierrez-Ontalvilla P, Naidu NS, Blanco EL, Brito EC, Ruiz-Valls A. Autologous fat grafting with percutaneous fasciotomy and reduction of the nipple-areolar complex for the correction of tuberous breast deformity in teenagers. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2020; 44(2):264-269.
38. El Khoury J, Adams D, Saliba C, El Rayes J, Massin A, Fenoll C. Surgical approach to a post-traumatic fat fracture. Cureus. 2018; 10(9):e3378.
39. Rigotti G, Marchi A, Galiè M, et al. Clinical treatment of radiotherapy tissue damage by lipoaspirate transplant: a healing process mediated by adipose-derived adult stem cells. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007; 119(5):1409-1422.
40. Sbarbati A, Accorsi D, Benati D, et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue classification. Eur J Histochem. 2010; 54(4):e48.
41. Dadkhahfar S, Robati RM, Gheisari M, Moravvej H. Subcision: Indications, adverse reactions, and pearls. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020; 19(5):1029-1038.
42. Bass LS, Kaminer MS. Insights into the pathophysiology of cellulite: A review. Dermatol Surg. 2020; 46 Suppl 1(1):S77-S85.
43. McMillan C, Binhammer P. Steroid injection and needle aponeurotomy for Dupuytren contracture: a randomized, controlled study. J Hand Surg Am. 2012; 37(7):1307-1312.
44. Zhou C, Hovius SER, Pieters AJ, Slijper HP, Feitz R, Selles RW. Comparative effectiveness of needle aponeurotomy and collagenase injection for Dupuytren's contracture: A multicenter study. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017; 5(9):e1425-1431.
45. Hovius SE, Kan HJ, Verhoekx JS, Khouri RK. Percutaneous aponeurotomy and lipofilling (PALF): A regenerative approach to Dupuytren contracture. Clin Plast Surg. 2015; 42(3):375-381.
46. Binhammer P. Comparative outcomes of Dupuytren disease treatment. Hand Clin. 2018; 34(3):377-386.
47. Shukla L, Yuan Y, Shayan R, Greening DW, Karnezis T. Fat therapeutics: The clinical capacity of adipose-derived stem cells and exosomes for human disease and tissue regeneration. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11:158-180.
48. Simonacci F, Bertozzi N, Grieco MP, Raposio E. From liposuction to adipose-derived stem cells: Indications and technique. Acta Biomed. 2019; 90(2):197-208.
49. Bertheuil N, Chaput B, Ménard C, et al. Adipose mesenchymal stromal cells: Definition, immunomodulatory properties, mechanical isolation and interest for plastic surgery. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2019; 64(1):1-10.
50. Dai Prè E, Busato A, Mannucci S, et al. In vitro characterization of adipose stem cells non-enzymatically extracted from the thigh and abdomen. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(9):3081-3096.
51. Khouri RK, Rigotti G, Cardoso E, Khouri RK Jr, Biggs TM. Megavolume autologous fat transfer: Part II. Practice and techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014; 133(6):1369-1377.
52. Boero V, Brambilla M, Sipio E, et al. Vulvar lichen sclerosus: A new regenerative approach through fat grafting. Gynecol Oncol. 2015; 139(3):471-475.
53. Marcano HE, Olmeda S, García-Rinaldi R. The "crush and aspiration" technique for debridement of the aortic annulus revisited. Bol Asoc Med P R. 2009; 101(4):34-36.
54. Chen WA, Gluck GS, Li Z. Needle curette technique for hand surgery. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2015; 19(3):108-109.
55. Sivasubramanian H, Ee G, Srinivasaiah MG, De SD, Sing AM. 'Not always a Baker's cyst' - An unusual presentation of a central voluminous postero-medial meniscal cyst. Open Orthop J. 2012; 6:424-428.
56. Zeng Z, Chen CX. Ultrasound-guided needle release plus corticosteroid injection of superficial radial nerve: A case report. World J Clin Cases. 2022; 10(4):1320-1325.
57. Sun X, Wang H, Zhang X, He B. Use of a percutaneous needle release technique for trigger thumb: A retrospective study of 11 patients from a single center. Med Sci Monit. 2021; 27:e931389-931394.
58. McShane JM, Slaff S, Gold JE, Nazarian LN. Sonographically guided percutaneous needle release of the carpal tunnel for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: Preliminary report. J Ultrasound Med. 2012; 31(9):1341-1349.
59. Rigotti G, Chirumbolo S. Biological Morphogenetic Surgery: A minimally invasive procedure to address different biological mechanisms. Aesthet Surg J. 2019; 39(7):745-755.
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Veronese S, Rigotti G, Sbarbati A. On the dissection of fibrotic hypodermic connective tissue in aesthetic and plastic surgery. Aesthetic Medicine [Internet]. 2024 Sep. 26 [cited 2024 Nov. 16];10(3):e2024017. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/aestheticmedicine/article/view/15382
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Veronese S, Rigotti G, Sbarbati A. On the dissection of fibrotic hypodermic connective tissue in aesthetic and plastic surgery. Aesthetic Medicine [Internet]. 2024 Sep. 26 [cited 2024 Nov. 16];10(3):e2024017. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/aestheticmedicine/article/view/15382
