Smallpox vaccination in Nias Island, Indonesia, 1854-1915
Main Article Content
Keywords
Epidemic, Indonesia, Nias Island, the Dutch colonial state, smallpox, vaccination
Abstract
Nias Island, during the Dutch colonial period, became one of the strategic areas because it was in the commercial route of the maritime area of the west coast of Sumatra, which directly contributed to the contact between its inhabitants and the outside world. That it was common for contact with the outside world opened up opportunities to spread several types of infectious diseases, such as smallpox. Smallpox had caused fatal damage and fear in the local population due to the high death rate and the threat of economic devastation to the population. Therefore, the Dutch colonial government attempted to overcome smallpox in Nias Island by introducing a vaccination program. This article aims to investigate the extent of the intervention of the Dutch colonial state in carrying out measures to eradicate smallpox in Nias Island.
References
2. Bastin J. The British in West Sumatra (1685-1825): A selection of documents, mainly from the East India Company records preserved in the India office library, commonwealth relations office, London. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press; 1965.
3. Boomgaard P. Morbidity and mortality in Java, 1820-1880: Changing patterns of disease and death. In: Norman G. Owen, editor. Death and disease in Southeast Asia: Explorations in social, medical and demographic history. Singapore: Oxford University Press; 1987. p. 48-69.
4. Boomgaard P. Smallpox, vaccination, and the Pax Neerlandica, Indonesia, 1550-1930. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 2003; 159(4):590-617.
5. Fehr JA. Drie portretten uit Nias. Amsterdam: Hoveker & Zoon; 1889.
6. Godon AP. De Assisten-Residentie Mandaheling en Ankola, op Sumatra’s Westkust, van 1847 tot 1857. Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie 1862; 1(24):1-46.
7. Kluin H. De opwekkings-beweging op Nias. Den Haag: Algemeene Boekhandel voor Inwendige en Unwendige Zending; 1927.
8. Loedin AA. Sejarah kedokteran di bumi Indonesia. Jakarta: Pustaka Utama Grafiti; 2005.
9. Marsden W. Sejarah Sumatra. Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu; 2013.
10. Modigliani E. Un viaggio a Nias. Milano: Fratelli Treves Editori; 1890.
11. Pols H. Nurturing Indonesia: Medicine and decolonisation in the Dutch East Indies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2018.
12. Rappard Th C. Het eiland Nias en zijne bewoners. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 1909; 62(1):477-648.
13. Rees WA van. De pionniers der beschaving in Neerlands Indie: Verhaal van eenige krijgstogten op de buitenbezettingen. Arnhm: DA Thieme;1866.
14. S. Hoe zendeling Lett zijne vrouw naar Nias bracht. Hoenderloo: Halfstuivers-Vereeniging der Rijnsche Zending; 1908.
15. Schroder EEWGs. Nias: Ethnographische, geographische en historische aanteekeningen en studien, I. Tekst. Leiden: E.J. Brill; 1917.
16. Semmelink JH. De zending op Nias. Rotterdam: Bredee; 1916.
17. Sumatra’s Westkust, No. 152/2, Maandrapporten, 1854. Jakarta: National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia.
18. Sumatra’s Westkust, No. 152/13, Maandrapporten, 1865. Jakarta: National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia.
19. Wirz P. Die inseln Nias und Mentawei. Basel: G. Krebs; 1930.
20. Zwaan JPK de. Die heilkunde der Niasser. Haag: Martinus Nijhoff; 1913.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
How to Cite
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.