Perspectives on COVID-19 prevention and treatment using herbal medicine in Vietnam: A cross-sectional study
Keywords:
COVID-19, herbal medicine, prevention, treatment, VietnamAbstract
Introduction. The significance of herbal medicine (HM) during the COVID-19 pandemic has been confirmed. Nevertheless, limited studies have included the people perspectives on COVID-19 prevention/treatment using herbal medicine in Vietnam. Thus, this study tackled the aforementioned issue.
Methods. Online-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Vietnamese adults between FebruaryApril 2021. Descriptive analysis, regression and Chi-squared tests were implemented for the statistical purposes.
Results. A total of 787 respondents attended the study, 368 (46.8%) confirmed that they use herbal medicine/ nutritional supplements for COVID-19 prevention/treatment. Over 50% of the respondents possessed positive perspective on vitamin C ingestion. Using herbal medicine for external use as a disinfectant was mostly preferred. Respondents who had a ‘very good’ health self-perception or who lived in rural areas, were more likely to have a positive opinion in the COVID-19 prevention/treatment using herbal medicine. The main barrier for herbal medicine utilization was the deficiency of personal experience or expert advice.
Conclusion. The Vietnamese people commonly utilize herbal medicine for the COVID-19 prevention/ treatment. These data might help policy-makers in managing the public knowledge and practice on herbal medicine use in Vietnam.
References
1. Akerele O. WHO’s traditional medicine programme: progress and perspectives. WHO Chron. 1984; 38(2): 76-81.
2. Payyappallimana U. Role of Traditional Medicine in Primary Health Care: An Overview of Perspectives and Challenging. Yokohama J Med Sci. 2010; 14(6): 57-77.
3. World Health Organization (WHO). Centre for Health Development. Proceedings: International Meeting on Global Atlas of Traditional Medicine. Kobe, Japan: World Health Organization, Centre for Health Development, 2003.
4. Bandaranayake WM. Quality Control, Screening, Toxicity, and Regulation of Herbal Drugs. In: Ahmad I, Aqil F, Owais M, eds. Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs. Chapter 2. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006: 25-57. https://doi.
org/10.1002/9783527609987.ch2.
5. Wachtel-Galor S, Benzie IFF. Herbal Medicine: An Introduction to Its History, Usage, Regulation, Current Trends, and Research Needs. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, eds. Boca Raton (FL), 2011.
6. Astin JA, Marie A, Pelletier KR, Hansen E, Haskell WL. A review of the incorporation of complementary and alternative medicine by mainstream physicians. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158(21): 2303-10. https://doi.org/10.1001/ archinte.158.21.2303.
7. Fujiwara K, Imanishi J, Watanabe S, Ozasa K, Sakurada K. Changes in attitudes of Japanese doctors toward complementary and alternative medicine comparison of surveys in 1999 and 2005 in Kyoto. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021; 85: 153361. https://doi.org/10.1093/ ecam/nep040.
8. Nguyen PH, De Tran D, Pham DT, Dao TNP, Dewey RS. Use of and attitudes towards herbal medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Vietnam. Eur J Integr Med. 2021; 44: 101328. https://doi.org/https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101328.
9. Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol. 2020 Apr; 92(4): 401-2. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jmv.25678. Epub 2020 Feb 12.
10. Tran D, Pak TV, Gribkova EI, et al. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in a high infection-rate country: a cross-sectional study in Russia. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2021 Mar-Apr; 19(1): 2276. https://doi.org/10.18549/ PharmPract.2021.1.2276. Epub 2021 Mar 22.
11. World Health Organization (WHO). Listings of WHO’s response to COVID-19, (n.d.). Available on: https://www.who.int/news/item/29-06-2020covidtimeline [Last accessed: 2021 May 5].
12. Tornimbene B, Eremin S, Escher M, Griskeviciene J, Manglani S, Pessoa-Silva CL. WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System early implementation 2016-17. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Mar; 18(3): 241-2. https://doi. org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30060-4. Epub 2018 Jan 29.
13. Harapan H, Wagner AL, Yufika A, et al. Acceptance of a COVID-19 Vaccine in Southeast Asia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia. Front Public Health 2020 Jul 14; 8: 381. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00381.
14. Barberia LG, Gómez EJ. Political and institutional perils of Brazil’s COVID-19 crisis. Lancet. 2020 Aug 8; 396(10248): 367-8. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31681-0. Epub 2020 Jul 30.
15. Alfano V, Ercolano S. The Efficacy of Lockdown Against COVID-19: A Cross-Country Panel Analysis. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2020 Aug; 18(4): 509-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40258-020-00596-3.
16. Lurie N, Saville M, Hatchett R, Halton J. Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 21; 382(21): 1969-73. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005630. Epub 2020 Mar 30.
17. Kaur SP, Gupta V. COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report. Virus Res. 2020 Oct 15; 288: 198114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
virusres.2020.198114. Epub 2020 Aug 13.
18. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations - Statistics and Research - Our World in Data, (n.d.). Available on: https://ourworldindata.org/covidvaccinations [Last accessed: 2021 May 6].
19. Covid World Vaccination Tracker - The New York Times, (n.d.). Available on: https://www. nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covidvaccinations-tracker.html [Last accessed: 2021 May 6].
20. Emary KRW, Golubchik T, Aley PK, et al.
Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 VOC 202012/01
(B.1.1.7). Preprint 2021. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.3779160.
21. SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern | CDC, (n.d.). Available on: https://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variantsurveillance/variant-info.html#Concern [Last accessed: 2021 May 6].
22. Edara VV, Floyd K, Lai L, et al. Infection and mRNA-1273 vaccine antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 UK variant MedRxiv. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.02.21250799.
23. Wang P, Nair MS, Liu L, et al. Antibody Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7. BioRxiv. 2021. https://doi. org/10.1101/2021.01.25.428137.
24. Davies NG, Abbott S, Barnard RC, et al. Edmunds, Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England MedRxiv. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.1 2.24.20248822.
25. Therapeutic Management | COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines, (n.d.). Available on: https:// www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/ therapeutic-management/ [Last accessed: 2021 May 6].
26. Goldman JD, Lye DCB, Hui DS, et al. Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19. N. Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5; 383(19): 1827-37. https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMoa2015301. Epub 2020 May 27.
27. Spinner CD, Gottlieb RL, Criner GJ, et al. Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020 Sep 15; 324(11): 1048-57. https:// doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.16349.
28. Beigel HJ, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, et al. Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5; 383(19): 181326. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764. Epub 2020 Oct 8.
29. Khanna K, Kohli SK, Kaur R, et al. Herbal immune-boosters: Substantial warriors of pandemic Covid-19 battle. Phytomedicine. 2021 May; 85: 153361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. phymed.2020.153361.
30. World Health Organization (WHO). International Expert Meeting on the Treatment of SARS by Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine with Western Medicine, SARS: clinical trials on treatment using a combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine: report of the WHO International Expert Meeting to review and analyse clinical reports on combination treatment for SARS. World Health Organization, Beijing, China, 2003.
31. Luo H, Tang QL, Shang YX, et al. Can Chinese Medicine Be Used for Prevention of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)? A Review
of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs. Chin J Integr Med. 2020 Apr; 26(4): 243-50. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11655-020-3192-6. Epub 2020 Feb 17.
32. Yang Y, Islam MS, Wang J, Li Y, Chen X. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Mar 15; 16(10): 1708-17. https:// doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45538.
33. Liu X, Zhang M, He L, Li Y. Chinese herbs combined with Western medicine for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012 (2012). https://doi.
org/10.1002/14651858.CD004882.pub3.
34. Nugraha RV, Ridwansyah H, Ghozali M, Khairani AF, Atik N. Traditional Herbal Medicine Candidates as Complementary Treatments for COVID-19: A Review of Their Mechanisms, Pros and Cons. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2020; 2020: 2560645. https://doi. org/10.1155/2020/2560645.
35. Fan AY, Gu S, Alemi SF. Chinese herbal medicine for COVID-19: Current evidence with systematic review and meta-analysis. J Integr Med. 2020 Sep; 18(5): 385-94. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.joim.2020.07.008. Epub 2020 Jul 31.
36. Thailand Clears Use of Herbal Medicine for Covid-19 Treatment - BNN Bloomberg, (n.d.). Available on: https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/ thailand-clears-use-of-herbal-medicine-forcovid-19-treatment-1.1542171 [Last accessed: 2021 May 6].
37. Vietnam Prime Minister, Decision No.1893/QDTTg Promulgating the Program for Developing Traditional Medicine in Combination with Modern Medicine up to 2030, Vietnam Government, Hanoi, 2019.
38. Emerging COVID-19 Success Story: Vietnam’s Commitment to Containment. Jan-Dec 31, 2020. Exemplars in Global Health Platform. Available on: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-exemplarvietnam [Last accessed: 2021 May 5].
39. Khadka D, Dhamala MK, Li F, et al. The use of medicinal plants to prevent COVID-19 in Nepal. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2021 Apr 8; 17(1): 26.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-021-00449-w.
40. Alyami HS, Orabi MAA, Aldhabbah FM, et al. Knowledge about COVID-19 and beliefs about and use of herbal products during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J. 2020 Nov; 28(11): 1326-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.023. Epub 2020 Sep 1.
41. Chaachouay N, Douira A, Zidane L. COVID-19, prevention and treatment with herbal medicine in the herbal markets of Salé Prefecture, NorthWestern Morocco. Eur J Integr Med. 2021 Feb; 42: 101285. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101285. Epub 2021 Jan 8.
42. Leading active social media platforms among internet users in Vietnam as of 4th quarter of 2020. (2020). Available on: https://www.statista. com [Last accessed: 2021 May 5].
43. Panyod S, Ho CT, Sheen LY. Dietary therapy and herbal medicine for COVID-19 prevention: A review and perspective. J Tradit Complement Med. 2020 May 30; 10(4): 420-7. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.05.004.
44. Barbarosa LCA, Silva CJ, Teixeira RR, Meira RM, Pinheiro AL. Chemistry and biological activities of essential oils from Melaleuca L. species. Agric Conspec Sci. 2013; 78(1): 11-23.
45. Sawalha AF, Sweileh WM, Zyoud SH, Jabi SW. Self-therapy practices among university students in Palestine: focus on herbal remedies. Complement Ther Med. 2008 Dec; 16(6): 343-9. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2007.12.002. Epub 2008 Feb 7.
46. Australian Government - Health Department. Covid–19: Identifying the symptoms, (2020). Available on: https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/identifying-the-symptomsenglish [Last accessed: 2021 May 5].
47. Luketina-Sunjka M, Rancic N, Mihailovic
N, Jakovljevic M. The Impact of the SocioDemographic Characteristics of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Users in Serbia on OTC Drug Consumption. Front Public Health. 2019 Oct 24; 7: 303. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpubh.2019.00303.
48. The World Bank Group. Rural population (% of total population) - Vietnam, (n.d.).
49. Zhong BL, Luo W, Li HM, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: a quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Mar 15; 16(10): 1745-52. https://doi.org/10.7150/ ijbs.45221.
50. Betsch C. How behavioural science data helps mitigate the COVID-19 crisis. Nat Hum Behav. 2020 May; 4(5): 438. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41562-020-0866-1.
51. Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients. 2017 Nov 3; 9(11): 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111211.
52. Arreola R, Quintero-Fabián S, López-Roa RI, et al. Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds. J Immunol Res. 2015; 2015: 401630. https://doi. org/10.1155/2015/401630.
53. Dorsch W, Schneider E, Bayer T, Breu W, Wagner
H. Anti-inflammatory effects of onions: inhibition of chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by thiosulfinates and cepaenes. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1990; 92(1): 39-42. https://doi.org/10.1159/000235221.
54. Casale M, Rinaldi V, Sabatino L, Moffa A, Ciccozzi M. Could nasal irrigation and oral rinse reduce the risk for COVID-19 infection? Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2020 Jan-Dec; 34: 2058738420941757. https://doi. org/10.1177/2058738420941757.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.