Microbiota and IPF: hidden and detected relationships Microbiota in IPF
Main Article Content
Keywords
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; Lung microbiota; Immune Response
Abstract
Lung microbiota (LM) is an interesting new way to consider and redesign pathogenesis and possible therapeutic approach to many lung diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which is an interstitial pneumonia with bad prognosis. Chronic inflammation is the basis but probably not the only cause of lung fibrosis and although the risk factors are not completely clear, endogenous factors (e.g. gastroesophageal reflux) and environmental factors like cigarette smoking, industrial dusts, and precisely microbial agents could contribute to the IPF development. It is well demonstrated that many bacteria can cause epithelial cell injuries in the airways through induction of a host immune response or by activating flogosis mediators following a chronic, low-level antigenic stimulus. This persistent host response could influence fibroblast responsiveness suggesting that LM may play a role in repetitive alveolar injury in IPF. We reviewed literature regarding not only bacteria but also the role of virome and mycobiome in IPF. In fact, some viruses such as hepatitis C virus or certain fungi could be etiological agents or co-factors in the IPF progress. We aim to illustrate how the cross-talk between different local microbiotas throughout specific axis and immune modulation governed by microorganisms could be at the basis of lung dysfunctions and IPF development. Finally, since the future direction of medicine will be personalized, we suggest that the analysis of LM could be a goal to research new therapies also in IPF.
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4. Wynn TA, Ramalingam TR. Mechanisms of fibrosis: therapeutic translation for fibrotic disease. Nat Med. 2012;18(7):1028–40.
5. Magnini D, Montemurro G, Iovene B, Tagliaboschi L, Gerardi RE, Lo Greco E, et al. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Molecular Endotypes of Fibrosis Stratifying Existing and Emerging Therapies. Respiration. 2017;
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7. Schwartz DA. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Is a Genetic Disease Involving Mucus and the Peripheral Airways. Ann Am Thorac Soc. November 2018;15(Supplement_3):S192–7.
8. Invernizzi R, Wu BG, Barnett J, Ghai P, Kingston S, Hewitt RJ, et al. The Respiratory Microbiome in Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Is Distinct from That of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Julie 2020;203(3):339–47.
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10. Cottin V. Lung biopsy in interstitial lung disease: balancing the risk of surgery and diagnostic uncertainty. Eur Respir J. November 2016;48(5):1274 LP – 1277.
11. Tomassetti S, Wells AU, Costabel U, Cavazza A, Colby T V, Rossi G, et al. Bronchoscopic Lung Cryobiopsy Increases Diagnostic Confidence in the Multidisciplinary Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. November 2015;193(7):745–52.
12. Phillip JM, Aifuwa I, Walston J, Wirtz D. The Mechanobiology of Aging. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. Desember 2015;17(1):113–41.
13. Gulati S, Thannickal VJ. The Aging Lung and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Med Sci. Mei 2019;357(5):384–9.
14. Lee JS. The Role of Gastroesophageal Reflux and Microaspiration in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Clin Pulm Med. Maart 2014;21(2):81–5.
15. Mitchell PD, Das JP, Murphy DJ, Keane MP, Donnelly SC, Dodd JD, et al. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Emphysema: Evidence of Synergy Among Emphysema and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Smokers. Respir Care. Februarie 2015;60(2):259 LP – 268.
16. Harari S, Caminati A. IPF: new insight on pathogenesis and treatment. Allergy. Mei 2010;65(5):537–53.
17. Tanjore H, Blackwell TS, Lawson WE. Emerging evidence for endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2012/01/27. April 2012;302(8):L721–9.
18. Kaur A, Mathai SK, Schwartz DA. Genetics in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Treatment. Front Med. September 2017;4:154.
19. Nogee LM, Dunbar AE, Wert SE, Askin F, Hamvas A, Whitsett JA. A Mutation in the Surfactant Protein C Gene Associated with Familial Interstitial Lung Disease. N Engl J Med. Februarie 2001;344(8):573–9.
20. Moeller A, Ask K, Warburton D, Gauldie J, Kolb M. The bleomycin animal model: a useful tool to investigate treatment options for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007/08/30. 2008;40(3):362–82.
21. Mora AL, Rojas M, Pardo A, Selman M. Erratum: Emerging therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive age-related disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017;16(11):810.
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Microbiota and IPF: hidden and detected relationships: Microbiota in IPF. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis [Internet]. 2021 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Jun. 30];38(3):e2021028. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/sarcoidosis/article/view/11365
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Microbiota and IPF: hidden and detected relationships: Microbiota in IPF. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis [Internet]. 2021 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Jun. 30];38(3):e2021028. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/sarcoidosis/article/view/11365
