Lichen: A comprehensive review on Lichens as a natural sources exploring nutritional and biopharmaceutical benefits
Main Article Content
Keywords
Lichen, Fungi, photobiont, symbiosis, anticancer, antimicrobial, nutritional values
Abstract
Lichens are used as traditional medicines, nutritional value and have been described as a medicine in various pharmacopoeias throughout the world. Lichens are environmental biological indicators for human operations to change the ecosystem and also generate a range of distinctive secondary metabolites with varying biological potential. In addition to their prospective biological role as photoprotection, anticancer, anti-hepatotoxic, antidiabetic, allelopathic, immunomodulatory, etc. Over the past decade, interest in lichens as a source of novel bioactive molecules has been renewed and increasing. The role of secondary metabolites in lichen symbiosis and its medicinal impacts has not been well studied. This review summarizes the present status of characterization, nutritional values, and pharmaceutical properties of lichens and their applications.
References
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4. Elix J, Stocker-Wörgötter E. Biochemistry and secondary metabolites. Lichen biology 1996; 1: 154-80.
5. Carlin G. On the use of chemical characters in lichen taxonomy. Graphis Scripta 1987; 1: 72-6.
6. Fehrer J, Slavíková‐Bayerová Š, Orange A. Large genetic divergence of new, morphologically similar species of sterile lichens from Europe (Lepraria, Stereocaulaceae, Ascomycota): concordance of DNA sequence data with secondary metabolites. Cladistics 2008; 24: 443-58.
7. Nelsen MP, Gargas A. Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of secondary metabolites in the lichenized fungal genus Lepraria (Lecanorales: Stereocaulaceae). Nova Hedwigia 2008; 86: 115-31.
8. Egan RS. Correlations and Non-Correlations of Chemical Variation Patterns with Lichen Morphology and Geography. The Bryologist 1986; 89: 99-110.
9. Zhou Q-M, Guo S-Y, Huang M-R, Wei J-C. A study of the genetic variability of Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca using DNA sequences and secondary metabolic substances. Mycologia 2006; 98: 57-67.
10. Gauslaa Y. Rain, dew, and humid air as drivers of morphology, function and spatial distribution in epiphytic lichens. The Lichenologist 2014; 46: 1-16.
11. Benítez Á, Prieto M, González Y, Aragón G. Effects of tropical montane forest disturbance on epiphytic macrolichens. Science of the Total Environment 2012; 441: 169-75.
12. Bates ST, Cropsey GW, Caporaso JG, Knight R, Fierer N. Bacterial communities associated with the lichen symbiosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77: 1309-14.
13. Nash TH. Lichen biology: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
14. Kappen L. Some aspects of the great success of lichens in Antarctica. Antarctic Science 2000; 12: 314-24.
15. Schlensog M, Pannewitz S, Green T, Schroeter B. Metabolic recovery of continental antarctic cryptogams after winter. Polar biology 2004; 27: 399-408.
16. Kappen L, Schroeter B, Scheidegger C, Sommerkorn M, Hestmark G. Cold resistance and metabolic activity of lichens below 0 C. Advances in Space Research 1996; 18: 119-28.
17. Richardson DH. Reflections on lichenology: achievements over the last 40 years and challenges for the future. Canadian Journal of Botany 2002; 80: 101-13.
18. Parasyri A, Papazi A, Stamatis N et al. Lichen as Micro-Ecosystem: Extremophilic Behavior with Astrobiotechnological Applications. Astrobiology 2018; 18: 1528-42.
19. Robinson SA, Wasley J, Tobin AK. Living on the edge–plants and global change in continental and maritime Antarctica. Global Change Biology 2003; 9: 1681-717.
20. Friedmann EI. Endolithic microorganisms in the Antarctic cold desert. Science 1982; 215: 1045-53.
21. Kappen L. Ecophysiological relationships in different climatic regions. Handbook of lichenology 1988; 2: 37-100.
22. Park CH, Hong SG, Elvebakk A. Psoroma antarcticum, a new lichen species from Antarctica and neighbouring areas. Polar Biology 2018; 41: 1083-90.
23. Kranner I, Zorn M, Turk B, Wornik S, Beckett RP, Batič F. Biochemical traits of lichens differing in relative desiccation tolerance. New Phytologist 2003; 160: 167-76.
24. Aubert S, Juge C, Boisson A-M, Gout E, Bligny R. Metabolic processes sustaining the reviviscence of lichen Xanthoria elegans (Link) in high mountain environments. Planta 2007; 226: 1287-97.
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Gautam AK, Yadav D, Singh PK, Bhagyawant SS, Jin J-O. Lichen: A comprehensive review on Lichens as a natural sources exploring nutritional and biopharmaceutical benefits. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2021 Oct. 7 [cited 2024 Dec. 26];23(3):e2021153. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/9833
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Gautam AK, Yadav D, Singh PK, Bhagyawant SS, Jin J-O. Lichen: A comprehensive review on Lichens as a natural sources exploring nutritional and biopharmaceutical benefits. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2021 Oct. 7 [cited 2024 Dec. 26];23(3):e2021153. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/9833
