Cholesterol and Linoleic Acid: a forgotten cooperation? Cholesterol: is still a negative myth?
Main Article Content
Keywords
Linoleic acid, Cholesterol
Abstract
This mini review proposes a reflection on the role of cholesterol in its cooperation with oxygen and
linoleic acid. The authors deal with the logics of membrane mobility, where the concentrations of cholesterol
and linoleic acid exert a strong influence on the dynamics of the greater or lesser entry of oxygen and, therefore,
on the impact in the determinism of oxidative phenomena.
References
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2. Smith LL. Another cholesterol hypothesis: Cholesterol as antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med 1991; 11:47–61.
3. Petrov AM, Yakovleva AA, Zefirov AL. Role of membrane cholesterol in spontaneous exocytosis at frog neuromuscular synapses: reactive oxygen species-calcium interplay. J Physiol. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2014; 592:4995– 5009.
4. Saxena R, Chattopadhyay A. Membrane cholesterol stabilizes the human serotonin(1A) receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012; 818:2936–42.
5. Baggetto LG, Clottes E, Vial C. Low mitochondrial proton leak due to high membrane cholesterol content and cytosolic creatine kinase as two features of the deviant bioenergetics of Ehrlich and AS30-D tumor cells. Cancer Res 1992; 52:4935–41.
6. Pikuleva IA, Curcio CA. Cholesterol in the retina: The best is yet to come. Prog Retin Eye Res. Elsevier Ltd; 2014: 41:64–89.
7. Björkhem I, Meaney S. Brain cholesterol: long secret life behind a barrier. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:806–15.
8. Menchaca HJ, Michalek VN, Rohde TD, Hirsch AT, Tuna N, Buchwald H. Improvement of blood oxygen diffusion capacity and anginal symptoms by cholesterol lowering with simvastatin. J Appl Res 2004; 4:410–8.
9. Kennedy BE, Madreiter CT, Vishnu N, Malli R, Graier WF, Karten B. Adaptations of energy metabolism associated with increased levels of mitochondrial cholesterol in Niemann-Pick type C1-deficient cells. J Biol Chem. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Inc.; 2014; 289:16278–89.
10. Subczynski WK, Raguz M, Widomska J, Mainali L, Konovalov A. Functions of cholesterol and the cholesterol bilayer domain specific to the fiber-cell plasma membrane of the eye lens. J Membr Biol 2012; 245:51–68.
11. De Fabiani E. Lipids in the brain: Crossing the “insurmountable” barrier for a fatty, happy life. Eur J Lipid Sci. Wiley-VCH Verlag; 2014; 116:941–2.
12. Benedetti S, Bucciarelli S, Canestrari F, Catalani S, Mandolini S, Marconi V, et al. Platelet’s Fatty Acids and Differential Diagnosis of Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder through the Use of an Unsupervised Competitive-Learning Network Algorithm (SOM). Open J Depress 2014; 3:52–73.
13. Cocchi M, Tonello L. Bio molecular considerations in Major Depression and Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease: Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2010; 9: 2-11
14. Cocchi M, Gabrielli F, Tonello L. Platelet’s Fatty Acids Secrets in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Lett to Ed BMJ. 2013; Oct 28th.
15. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Bosi S, Cremonesi A, Castriota F, Puri B TS. Platelet oleic acid as Ischemic Cardiovascular disease marker. BMJ. 2004; 329:1447.
16. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Lercker G. Fatty acids, membrane viscosity, serotonin and ischemic heart disease. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:97.
17. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Tuszynski J. Connection Between the Linoleic Acid and Psychopathology: A Symmetry-Breaking Phenomenon in the Brain? Commun to Ital Soc Exp Biol (Bologna Section) April, 2015.
18. Mazari A, Iwamoto S, Yamauchi R. Effects of linoleic acid position in phosphatidylcholines and cholesterol addition on their rates of peroxidation in unilamellar liposomes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 74:1013–7.
19. Lee YW, Park HJ, Hennig B, Toborek M. Linoleic acid induces MCP-1 gene expression in human microvascular endothelial cells through an oxidative mechanism. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2001; 12:648-654.
20. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Gabrielli F, Minuto C. Human and Animal Brain Phospholipids Fatty Acids, Evolution and Mood Disorders. J Phylogen Evol Biol 2014; 2:2.
21. Svennerholm . Distribution and fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides in normal human brain. J Lipid Res 1968; 9:570-579.
22. Lamine F, Bouguerra R, Jabrane J, Marrakchi Z, Rayana MC Ben, Slama C Ben, et al. Food intake and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels changes during Ramadan fasting in healthy young subjects. Tunisie Medicale 2006; 84:647–50.
23. McCue MD. Fatty acid analyses may provide insight into the progression of starvation among squamate reptiles. Comp Biochem Physiol 2008; part A151:239–46.
24. Giroud S, Frare C, Strijkstra A, Boerema A, Arnold W, Ruf T. Membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition regulates cardiac SERCA activity in a hibernator, the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). PLoS One 2013; 8(5): e63111.
25. Asselin C, Ducharme A, Ntimbane T, Ruiz M, Fortier A, Guertin M-C, et al. Circulating levels of linoleic acid and HDL-cholesterol are major determinants of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in patients with heart failure. Redox Biol 2014; 2:148–55.
26. Cocchi M, Tonello L. Gabrielli F. Possible Roles of Cell Membrane & Cytoskeleton in Quantum Aspect of Psychiatry. J Conscious Explor Res 2012; 3:1082–100.
27. Tonello L, Cocchi M. The cell membrane: Is it a bridge from psychiatry to quantum consciousness? [Internet]. NeuroQuantology 2010; 1:54–60.
28. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Rasenick MM. Human depression: a new approach in quantitative psychiatry. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2010; 9:25.
29. Summhammer J, Sulyok G, Bernroider G, and Cocchi M. Forces from Lipids and Ionic Diffusion: Probing lateral membrane effects by an optimized filter region of voltage dependent K+ channels. arXiv. Org. Physics 2020.
30. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Gabrielli F. Cholesterol on Sunset Boulevard: the decline of a myth. Letter to the Editor. BMJ 2016.
2. Smith LL. Another cholesterol hypothesis: Cholesterol as antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med 1991; 11:47–61.
3. Petrov AM, Yakovleva AA, Zefirov AL. Role of membrane cholesterol in spontaneous exocytosis at frog neuromuscular synapses: reactive oxygen species-calcium interplay. J Physiol. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2014; 592:4995– 5009.
4. Saxena R, Chattopadhyay A. Membrane cholesterol stabilizes the human serotonin(1A) receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012; 818:2936–42.
5. Baggetto LG, Clottes E, Vial C. Low mitochondrial proton leak due to high membrane cholesterol content and cytosolic creatine kinase as two features of the deviant bioenergetics of Ehrlich and AS30-D tumor cells. Cancer Res 1992; 52:4935–41.
6. Pikuleva IA, Curcio CA. Cholesterol in the retina: The best is yet to come. Prog Retin Eye Res. Elsevier Ltd; 2014: 41:64–89.
7. Björkhem I, Meaney S. Brain cholesterol: long secret life behind a barrier. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:806–15.
8. Menchaca HJ, Michalek VN, Rohde TD, Hirsch AT, Tuna N, Buchwald H. Improvement of blood oxygen diffusion capacity and anginal symptoms by cholesterol lowering with simvastatin. J Appl Res 2004; 4:410–8.
9. Kennedy BE, Madreiter CT, Vishnu N, Malli R, Graier WF, Karten B. Adaptations of energy metabolism associated with increased levels of mitochondrial cholesterol in Niemann-Pick type C1-deficient cells. J Biol Chem. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Inc.; 2014; 289:16278–89.
10. Subczynski WK, Raguz M, Widomska J, Mainali L, Konovalov A. Functions of cholesterol and the cholesterol bilayer domain specific to the fiber-cell plasma membrane of the eye lens. J Membr Biol 2012; 245:51–68.
11. De Fabiani E. Lipids in the brain: Crossing the “insurmountable” barrier for a fatty, happy life. Eur J Lipid Sci. Wiley-VCH Verlag; 2014; 116:941–2.
12. Benedetti S, Bucciarelli S, Canestrari F, Catalani S, Mandolini S, Marconi V, et al. Platelet’s Fatty Acids and Differential Diagnosis of Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder through the Use of an Unsupervised Competitive-Learning Network Algorithm (SOM). Open J Depress 2014; 3:52–73.
13. Cocchi M, Tonello L. Bio molecular considerations in Major Depression and Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease: Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2010; 9: 2-11
14. Cocchi M, Gabrielli F, Tonello L. Platelet’s Fatty Acids Secrets in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Lett to Ed BMJ. 2013; Oct 28th.
15. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Bosi S, Cremonesi A, Castriota F, Puri B TS. Platelet oleic acid as Ischemic Cardiovascular disease marker. BMJ. 2004; 329:1447.
16. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Lercker G. Fatty acids, membrane viscosity, serotonin and ischemic heart disease. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:97.
17. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Tuszynski J. Connection Between the Linoleic Acid and Psychopathology: A Symmetry-Breaking Phenomenon in the Brain? Commun to Ital Soc Exp Biol (Bologna Section) April, 2015.
18. Mazari A, Iwamoto S, Yamauchi R. Effects of linoleic acid position in phosphatidylcholines and cholesterol addition on their rates of peroxidation in unilamellar liposomes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 74:1013–7.
19. Lee YW, Park HJ, Hennig B, Toborek M. Linoleic acid induces MCP-1 gene expression in human microvascular endothelial cells through an oxidative mechanism. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2001; 12:648-654.
20. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Gabrielli F, Minuto C. Human and Animal Brain Phospholipids Fatty Acids, Evolution and Mood Disorders. J Phylogen Evol Biol 2014; 2:2.
21. Svennerholm . Distribution and fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides in normal human brain. J Lipid Res 1968; 9:570-579.
22. Lamine F, Bouguerra R, Jabrane J, Marrakchi Z, Rayana MC Ben, Slama C Ben, et al. Food intake and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels changes during Ramadan fasting in healthy young subjects. Tunisie Medicale 2006; 84:647–50.
23. McCue MD. Fatty acid analyses may provide insight into the progression of starvation among squamate reptiles. Comp Biochem Physiol 2008; part A151:239–46.
24. Giroud S, Frare C, Strijkstra A, Boerema A, Arnold W, Ruf T. Membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition regulates cardiac SERCA activity in a hibernator, the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). PLoS One 2013; 8(5): e63111.
25. Asselin C, Ducharme A, Ntimbane T, Ruiz M, Fortier A, Guertin M-C, et al. Circulating levels of linoleic acid and HDL-cholesterol are major determinants of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in patients with heart failure. Redox Biol 2014; 2:148–55.
26. Cocchi M, Tonello L. Gabrielli F. Possible Roles of Cell Membrane & Cytoskeleton in Quantum Aspect of Psychiatry. J Conscious Explor Res 2012; 3:1082–100.
27. Tonello L, Cocchi M. The cell membrane: Is it a bridge from psychiatry to quantum consciousness? [Internet]. NeuroQuantology 2010; 1:54–60.
28. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Rasenick MM. Human depression: a new approach in quantitative psychiatry. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2010; 9:25.
29. Summhammer J, Sulyok G, Bernroider G, and Cocchi M. Forces from Lipids and Ionic Diffusion: Probing lateral membrane effects by an optimized filter region of voltage dependent K+ channels. arXiv. Org. Physics 2020.
30. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Gabrielli F. Cholesterol on Sunset Boulevard: the decline of a myth. Letter to the Editor. BMJ 2016.
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Published
Jun 12, 2020
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1.
Cocchi M, Minuto C. Cholesterol and Linoleic Acid: a forgotten cooperation? Cholesterol: is still a negative myth?. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Jun. 12 [cited 2024 Jul. 18];22(2):357-60. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/9560
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How to Cite
1.
Cocchi M, Minuto C. Cholesterol and Linoleic Acid: a forgotten cooperation? Cholesterol: is still a negative myth?. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Jun. 12 [cited 2024 Jul. 18];22(2):357-60. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/9560
