The effects of watermelon and Tualang honey based energy drinks on postprandial antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in male collegiate athletes: a dose-response and time-course efficacy study
Main Article Content
Keywords
antioxidants, athletes, dosage, ergogenic aids, oxidative stress
Abstract
Background: Exogenous antioxidant supplementation via natural food sources may enhance antioxidant activity and reduce oxidative stress. This study examined the dose-response and time-course effect of watermelon and Tualang honey based energy drinks (WED) on postprandial antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in male collegiate athletes.
Methods: This randomized, two-dose, crossover design study included 12 healthy male collegiate athletes. Participants consumed WED of 0.5 g CHO/kg (WML) or 1g CHO/kg (WMH) on two occasions separated by 7 days washout period. The primary outcome ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and secondary outcomes total phenolic content (TPC), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were analyzed in blood samples drawn at baseline (fasting) and at 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes post-ingestion of WED’s.
Results: The area under the curve for FRAP (AUCFRAP) and ROS (AUCROS) was higher (p = 0.024) and lower (p = 0.021) respectively in WMH compared to WML trial. AUCTPC was higher (p = 0.001) in WML, whereas, AUCMDA showed no significant difference (p ˃ 0.05) between both trials. Concentrations of ROS and MDA in plasma significantly decreased (p < 0.05) from baseline to 60 min post-consumption of WMH. Plasma FRAP concentration peaked (p ˃ 0.05) at 60 min post ingestion of WMH, whilst it showed constant decline post consumption of WML. Plasma TPC concentration peaked (p < 0.05) at 60 min in WML, whereas it increased (p ˃ 0.05) over time in WMH trial.
Conclusions: WMH demonstrated an optimal increment in antioxidant activity and a decrease in oxidative stress at 60 min after its ingestion among male collegiate athletes.
References
2. Kawamura T, Muraoka I. Exercise-induced oxidative stress and the effects of antioxidant intake from a physiological viewpoint. Antioxidants 2018; 7: 1-19.
3. Goulart MJVC, Pisamiglio DS, MÖller GB, et al. Effects of grape juice consumption on muscle fatigue and oxidative stress in judo athletes: a randomized clinical trial. An Acad Bras Cienc 2020; 92(4): e20191551.
4. Thirupathi A, Pinho RA. Effects of reactive oxygen species and interplay of
antioxidants during physical exercise in skeletal muscles. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74(3): 359–367.
5. Sellami M, Slimeni O, Pokrywka A, et al. Herbal medicine for sports: a review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15: 14.
6. Matschke V, Theiss C and Matschke J. Oxidative stress: the lowest common denominator of multiple diseases. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14(2): 238–241.
7. Bowtell J, Kelly V. Fruit-derived polyphenol supplementation for athlete recovery and performance. Sports Med 2019; 49(Suppl 1): 3–23.
8. Urquiaga I, Ávila F, Echeverria G, et al. A chilean berry concentrate protects against
postprandial oxidative stress and increases plasma antioxidant activity in healthy humans. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; 8361493.
9. McCormick R, Peeling P, Binnie M, et al. Effect of tart cherry juice on recovery and next day performance in well-trained Water Polo players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016;13(41):22.
10. Ammar A, Turki M, Chtourou H, et al. Pomegranate supplementation accelerates recovery of muscle damage and soreness and inflammatory markers after a weightlifting training session. PLoS ONE 2016; 11(10): e0160305.
11. Toscano LT, Tavares RL, Toscano LT, et al. Potential ergogenic activity of grape
juice in runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40(9): 899–906.
12. de Lima Tavares Toscano L, Silva AS, de França A, et al. A single dose of purple grape juice improves physical performance and antioxidant activity in runners: a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo study. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59(7): 2997–3007.
13. Lum T, Connolly M, Marx A, et al. Effects of fresh watermelon consumption on the acute satiety response and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults. Nutrients 2019;11(3):595.
14. Ridwan R, Abduk Razak HR, Adenan MI, et al. Separation of L-arginine and L-citrulline in red and yellow crimson watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juices extract using HPLC gradient mode. Malaysian J.Anal Sci 2018; 22(5): 785-793.
15. Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS. A metabolomics approach to identify and quantify the phytochemicals in watermelons by quantitative 1 HNMR. Talanta 2016; 153: 268-277.
16. Maoto MM, Beswa D, Jideani AIO. Watermelon as a potential fruit snack. Int J Food Prop 2019; 22(1): 355-370.
17. Olayinka BU, Etejere EO. Proximate and chemical compositions of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) matsum and nakai cv red and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. ev Pipino). Int Food Res J 2018; 25(3): 1060-1066.
18. Shanely RA, Nieman DC, Perkins-Veazie P, et al. Comparison of watermelon and carbohydrate beverage on exercise-induced alterations in systemic inflammation, immune dysfunction, and plasma antioxidant capacity. Nutrients 2016; 8(8): 518.
19. Cutrufello PT, Gadomski SJ, Zavorsky GS. The effect of l-citrulline and watermelon juice supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic exercise performance. J Sports Sci 2015; 33(14): 1459-1466.
20. Tarazona-Diaz MP, Alacid F, Carrasco M, et al. Watermelon juice: potential functional drink for sore muscle relief in athletes. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61(31): 7522-7528.
21. Rizal M, Segalita C, Mahmudiono T. The effect of watermelon beverage ingestion on fatigue index in young-male, recreational football players. Asian J Sports Med 2019; 10(2): e86555.
22. Hong MY, Hartig N, Kaufman K, et al. Watermelon consumption improves inflammation and antioxidant capacity in rats fed an atherogenic diet. Nutr Res 2015; 35(3): 251-258.
23. Hong MY, Beidler J, Hooshmand S, et al. Watermelon and l-arginine consumption improve serum lipid profile and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress by altering gene expression in rats fed an atherogenic diet. Nutr Res 2018; 58: 46-54.
24. Wei QY, Zhou B, Cai YJ, et al. Synergistic effect of green tea polyphenols with trolox on free radical-induced oxidative DNA damage. Food Chem 2006; 96(1): 90-95.
25. Kerksick CM, Arent S, Schoenfeld BJ, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14: 33.
26. Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, et al. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15(1): 38.
27. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem 1996; 239(1): 70–76.
28. Cao G, Alessio HM, Cutler RG. Oxygen-radical absorbance capacity assay for antioxidants. Free Rad Biol Med 1993; 14: 303-311.
29. Kong KW, Mat-Junit S, Aminudin N, et al. Protective effects of the extracts of Barringtonia racemosa shoots against oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. PeerJ 2016; 4: 1–20.
30. Ramli NSF, Mat-Junit S, Leong NK,et al. Analyses of antioxidant status and nucleotide alterations in genes encoding antioxidant enzymes in patients with benign and malignant thyroid disorders. PeerJ 2017; 5: 3365.
31. Ortega DR, López AM, Amaya HM, et al. Tart cherry and pomegranate supplementations enhance recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage: a systematic review. Biol Sport 2021; 38(1): 97-111.
32. Howatson G, Snaith GC, Kimble R, et al. Improved endurance running performance following haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) ingestion. Nutrients 2022; 14(4): 780.
33. Tsao JP, Bernard JR, Hsu HC, et al. Short-Term Oral Quercetin Supplementation Improves Post-exercise Insulin Sensitivity, Antioxidant Capacity and Enhances Subsequent Cycling Time to Exhaustion in Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9: 875319.
34. Kim C-H, Park M-K, Kim S-K, et al. Antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity of lycopene in watermelon. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014; 49(9): 2083-2091.
35. Edwards AJ, Vinyard BT, Wiley ER, et al. Consumption of watermelon juice increases plasma concentrations of lycopene and beta-carotene in humans. J Nutr 2003; 133(4): 1043-1050.
36. Figueroa A, Wong A, Jaime SJ, et al. Influence of L-citrulline and watermelon supplementation on vascular function and exercise performance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2017; 20(1): 92-98.
37. Mohd Kamal DA, Ibrahim SF, Kamal H, et al. Physicochemical and medicinal properties of Tualang, Gelam and Kelulut honeys: a comprehensive review. Nutrients 2021; 13(1): 197.
38. Kishore RK, Halim AS, Syazana MN, et al. Tualang honey has higher phenolic content and greater radical scavenging activity compared with other honey sources. Nutr Res 2011; 31: 322–325.
39. Yaacob NS, Nengsih A, Norazmi MN. Tualang honey promotes apoptotic cell death induced by tamoxifen in breast cancer cell lines. Evid-based Complement Altern Med 2013; 989841.
40. Ahmad NS, Abdul AA, Kong KW, et al. Dose-Response effect of tualang honey on postprandial antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in female athletes: A pilot study. J Altern Complement Med 2017; 23: 989-995.
41. Ho KKHY, Ferruzzi MG, Wightman JD. Potential health benefits of (poly)phenols derived from fruit and 100% fruit juice. Nutr Rev 2020; 78(2): 145-174.
42. Swallah MS, Fu H, Sun H, et al. The impact of polyphenol on general nutrient metabolism in the monogastric gastrointestinal tract. J Food Qual 2020: 1-12.
43. Chusak C, Pasukamonset P, Chantarasinlapin P, et al. Postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and antioxidant status in healthy subjects after ingestion of bread made from anthocyanin-rich riceberry rice. Nutrients 2020; 12(3): 782.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
How to Cite
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
