Adaptation of the Performance Enhancement Attitudes Scale to Individuals Doing Exercise Regularly in Turkey: A Cross-Sectional Study
Main Article Content
Keywords
performance enhancement, scale, reliability, validity
Abstract
Study Objectives: The aim of this study was to adapt the internationally accepted Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale to the Turkish culture and determine the reliability and validity of the adapted version. Methods: A total of 207 Turkish individuals, 110 males (mean age=39.33±2.45 years) and 97 females (mean age=38.91±1.51 years), aged 18 and over, who regularly engaged in exercise, participated in the study. In the analysis of the data, the exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the underlying structure of the scale items, and the confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the compatibility between the model and the data. In addition, the Cronbach alpha reliability analysis was undertaken for reliability, and the Pearson product-moment correlation and test-retest values were obtained to examine for the item correlation analysis. Results: The cross-sectional multi-sample Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale consisted of 17 independent items under a single sub-dimension as in the original version. In our study, the internal consistency coefficient of the Turkish version was calculated as 0.88, the factor loads varied between 0.40 and 0.67, and the test-retest correlation was 0.79. Conclusions: These findings showed that the Turkish adaptation of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale can be reliably used for research purposes. It may be thought that is important to bring an internationally accepted instrument to the Turkish literature to be used in future research in order to investigate the performance-enhancing attitudes of exercise.
References
2. Palmi, I., Berretta, P., Tini, A., Ricci, G., & Marinelli, S. The unethicality of doping in sports. Clin Ter, 170(2), e100-101. https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2019.2117
3. WADA Ethics Panel: Guiding Values in Sport and Anti Doping at https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2021list_en.pdf (last accessed: December 2019;12, 2021)
4. Jaafar, Z., & NH, W. H. Doping in sports among malaysian universities athlete: survey of the knowledge, beliefs, and perception during malaysian universities games in Kuala Lumpur 2014. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2020; 60(5):794-799. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.20.09623-1
5. Bird, S. R., Goebel, C., Burke, L. M., & Greaves, R. F. Doping in sport and exercise: anabolic, ergogenic, health and clinical issues. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 2016; 53(2), 196-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563215609952
6. Rennie, D. M. Health education models and food hygiene education. Journal of the Royal Society of Health, 1995; 115(2), 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/146642409511500203
7. Sanlier, N., & Baser, F. The relationship among food safety knowledge, attitude, and behavior of young Turkish women. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020; 39(3), 224-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2019.1639084
8. Lucidi, F., Zelli, A., Mallia, L., Grano, C., Russo, P. M., & Violani, C. The social-cognitive mechanisms regulating adolescents' use of doping substances. Journal of sports sciences, 2008; 26(5), 447-456. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701579370
9. Barkoukis, V., Lazuras, L., Tsorbatzoudis, H., & Rodafinos, A. Motivational and social cognitive predictors of doping intentions in elite sports: An integrated approach. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 2013; 23(5), e330-e340. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12068
10. Petróczi, A., Heyes, A., Thrower, S. N., Martinelli, L. A., Backhouse, S. H., Boardley, I. D., & RESPECT Consortium. Understanding and building cleaner sport together: community-based participatory research with elite athletes and anti-doping organisations from five European countries. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2021; 55, 101932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101932
11. Petróczi, A., & Aidman, E. Measuring explicit attitude toward doping: Review of the psychometric properties of the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2009; 10(3), 390-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.11.001
12. Karacabey, K., Seyhan, S., Öntürk, Y., Apur, U., Akyel, Y. Young athletes’ knowledge, attitude and belief levels, which may be seen as possible explanations of doping in comparison with some other variables. Batman University Journal of Life Sciences, 2017; 7 (2/2), 68-179. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/buyasambid/issue/33195/334306.
13. Turan, İ., ŞİMŞEK, Ü., & ASLAN, H. (2015). The use and analysis of likert scales and likert-type items in educational research. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (30), 186-203. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sakaefd/issue/11235/134252.
14. Capik, C., Gözüm, S., Aksayan, S. (2018). Intercultural scale adaptation stages, language and culture adaptation: updated guideline. https://doi.org/10.26650/FNJN397481
15. Morente-Sánchez, J., & Zabala, M. Spanish cycling and attitudes towards doping of different stakeholders involved. Journal of Science and Cycling, 2014; 3(1), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070999
Article Sidebar
Article Details
How to Cite
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
