Does obesity in young women associated with disordered eating behaviors and mindful eating?
Main Article Content
Keywords
Mindful eating, Eating disorders, Eating behavior, Obesity
Abstract
Objective The onset of obesity has been associated with low levels of mindful eating and disordered eating behaviors. This study examined the relationship between mindful eating, disordered eating behavior and obesity in young women.
Methods This cross-sectional study included 227 young women aged between 19-35 years. Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ) and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)-26 were used. Weight and body composition were obtained and the measurements of neck circumference (NC), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated.
Results Overall, the underweight participants had the highest MEQ scores, while the obese participants had the lowest MEQ scores (p<0.05). MEQ scores had a negative correlation with BMI, fat mass, WHR, WHtR, NC and WC (r=-0.216, p<0.01; r=-0.234, p < 0.01; r=-172, p<0.01 and r=-0.244, p<0.01, r=-0.145, p<0.05; r=-0.238, p<0.05, respectively). EAT-26 scores had a very weak positive correlation between WHtR (r=0.131, p<0.05). There is a very weak negative correlation between MEQ and EAT-26 scores (r=-0.072, p>0.05).
Conclusion To sum up, mindful eating and disordered eating behavior have negative relation between obesity. In future studies, conducting research on larger sample numbers will improve the findings on the subject.
References
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25. Fadipe B, Oyelohunnu MA, Olagunju AT, et al. Disordered eating attitudes: demographic and clinico-anthropometric correlates among a sample of Nigerian students. Afr. Health Sci. 2017;17(2):513.
26. Saleh RN, Salameh RA, Yhya HH, et al. Disordered eating attitudes in female students of An-Najah National University: a cross-sectional study. J. Eat. Disord. 2018;6(1):16.
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29. Macek P, Biskup M, Terek-Derszniak M, et al. Optimal cut-off values for anthropometric measures of obesity in screening for cardiometabolic disorders in adults. Sci. Rep. 2020;10(1):11253.
30. Savva S, Lamnisos D, Kafatos A. Predicting cardiometabolic risk: waist-to-height ratio or BMI. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther. 2013;403.
31. Yoo E-G. Waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for obesity and cardiometabolic risk. Korean J. Pediatr. 2016;59(11):425.
32. Aparecida Silva J, Oliveira Lopes S, Stofeles Cecon R, et al. Risk behavior for eating disorders in female university students from Viçosa-MG. Rev. Assoc. Bras. Nutr.-RASBRAN. 2021;12(2):119–132.
33. Miri N, Noroozi M, Zavoshy R, et al. The Association of Body Image With Anthropometric Measures and Eating Disorders Among Students From University Sports Teams. Int. J. Epidemiol. Res. 2019;6(3):114–119.
34. Özkan N, Bilici S. Are anthropometric measurements an indicator of intuitive and mindful eating? Eat. Weight Disord. - Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes. 2021;26(2):639–648.
35. Borisenkov MF, Popov SV, Pecherkina AA, et al. Food addiction in young adult residents of Russia: Associations with emotional and anthropometric characteristics. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 2020;28(4):465–472.
36. Rigotti T, De Cuyper N, Sekiguchi T. The Corona Crisis: What Can We Learn from Earlier Studies in Applied Psychology? Appl. Psychol. 2020;69(3):1–6.
37. Brown S, Opitz M-C, Peebles AI, et al. A qualitative exploration of the impact of COVID-19 on individuals with eating disorders in the UK. Appetite. 2021;156:104977.
38. Simone M, Emery RL, Hazzard VM, et al. Disordered eating in a population‐based sample of young adults during the COVID ‐19 outbreak. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2021;54(7):1189–1201.
39. Rodgers RF, Lombardo C, Cerolini S, et al. The impact of the COVID ‐19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2020;53(7):1166–1170.
40. Worsfold KA, Sheffield JK. Practitioner eating disorder detection: The influence of health mindset, thin‐ideal internalization, orthorexia and gender role. Early Interv. Psychiatry. 2021;15(2):296–305.
41. Aparicio-Martinez, Perea-Moreno, Martinez-Jimenez, et al. Social Media, Thin-Ideal, Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Attitudes: An Exploratory Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2019;16(21):4177.
42. Hawkins LK, Farrow C, Thomas JM. Do perceived norms of social media users’ eating habits and preferences predict our own food consumption and BMI? Appetite. 2020;149:104611.
43. Archibald-Durham L. The insta-diet. Curr. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2021;34(1):30–32.
44. Hardin SL, Thornton LM, Munn‐Chernoff MA, et al. Premenstrual symptoms as a marker of ovarian hormone sensitivity in eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2020;53(2):296–301.
45. Kammoun I, Ben Saâda W, Sifaou A, et al. Change in women’s eating habits during the menstrual cycle. Ann. Endocrinol. 2017;78(1):33–37.
46. Bryant M, Truesdale KP, Dye L. Modest changes in dietary intake across the menstrual cycle: implications for food intake research. Br. J. Nutr. 2006;96(5):888–894.
47. Arnoni-Bauer Y, Bick A, Raz N, et al. Is It Me or My Hormones? Neuroendocrine Activation Profiles to Visual Food Stimuli Across the Menstrual Cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017;102(9):3406–3414.
48. Mikhail ME, Culbert KM, Sisk CL, et al. Gonadal hormone contributions to individual differences in eating disorder risk. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 2019;32(6):484–490.
49. Novelle MG, Diéguez C. Updating gender differences in the control of homeostatic and hedonic food intake: Implications for binge eating disorder. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2019;497:110508.
50. Castellini G, Lelli L, Cassioli E, et al. Relationships between eating disorder psychopathology, sexual hormones and sexual behaviours. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2019;497:110429.
51. Baker JH, Eisenlohr-Moul T, Wu Y-K, et al. Ovarian hormones influence eating disorder symptom variability during the menopause transition: A pilot study. Eat. Behav. 2019;35:101337.
52. Rossy L. Eating Solution the Mindfulness-Based, proven strategies to end overeating, satisfy your hunger, and savor your life. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.; 2016.
53. Czepczor-Bernat K, Brytek-Matera A, Gramaglia C, et al. The moderating effects of mindful eating on the relationship between emotional functioning and eating styles in overweight and obese women. Eat. Weight Disord. - Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes. 2020;25(4):841–849.
54. Manku R, Egan H, Keyte R, et al. Dieting, mindfulness and mindful eating:exploring whether or not diets reinforce mindfulness and mindful eating practices. Health Psychol. Rep. 2020;8(1):59–67.
55. Carrière K, Khoury B, Günak MM, et al. Mindfulness-based interventions for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Mindfulness interventions for weight loss. Obes. Rev. 2018;19(2):164–177.
56. Fuentes Artiles R, Staub K, Aldakak L, et al. Mindful eating and common diet programs lower body weight similarly: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obes. Rev. 2019;20(11):1619–1627.
57. Dunn C, Haubenreiser M, Johnson M, et al. Mindfulness Approaches and Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Weight Regain. Curr. Obes. Rep. 2018;7(1):37–49.
58. Broer M, Bai Y, Fonseca F. A review of the literature on socioeconomic status and educational achievement. Socioeconomic inequality and educational outcomes. 2019; 7-17.
59. Ware JK. Property value as a proxy of socioeconomic status in education. Education and Urban Society. 2019 ;51(1):99-119.
2. Mantzios M, Egan H, Asif T. A Randomised Experiment Evaluating the Mindful Raisin Practice as a Method of Reducing Chocolate Consumption During and After a Mindless Activity. J. Cogn. Enhanc. 2020;4(3):250–257.
3. Rahimi-Ardabili H, Reynolds R, Vartanian LR, et al. A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Interventions that Aim to Increase Self-Compassion on Nutrition Habits, Eating Behaviours, Body Weight and Body Image. Mindfulness. 2018;9(2):388–400.
4. Keyte R, Egan H, Mantzios M. How does mindful eating without non-judgement, mindfulness and self-compassion relate to motivations to eat palatable foods in a student population? Nutr. Health. 2020;26(1):27–34.
5. Tapper K. Mindfulness and craving: effects and mechanisms. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2018;59:101–117.
6. Nelson JB. Mindful Eating: The Art of Presence While You Eat. Diabetes Spectr. 2017;30(3):171–174.
7. Zervos K, Koletsi M, Mantzios M, et al. An Eight-Week Mindful Eating Program Applied in a Mediterranean Population With Overweight or Obesity: The EATT Intervention Study. Psychol. Rep. 2021;003329412098810.
8. Hayes JF, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Karam AM, et al. Disordered Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in Youth with Overweight and Obesity: Implications for Treatment. Curr. Obes. Rep. 2018;7(3):235–246.
9. Harrison AN, James Bateman CCB, Younger-Coleman NOM, et al. Disordered eating behaviours and attitudes among adolescents in a middle-income country. Eat. Weight Disord. - Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes. 2020;25(6):1727–1737.
10. Kärkkäinen U, Mustelin L, Raevuori A, et al. Do Disordered Eating Behaviours Have Long-term Health-related Consequences?: Disordered Eating and Long-Term Health. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 2018;26(1):22–28.
11. Crovetto M, Valladares M, Espinoza V, et al. Effect of healthy and unhealthy habits on obesity: a multicentric study. Nutrition. 2018;54:7–11.
12. Shah B, Tombeau Cost K, Fuller A, et al. Sex and gender differences in childhood obesity: contributing to the research agenda. BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health. 2020;3(2):387–390.
13. Ameye H, Swinnen J. Obesity, income and gender: The changing global relationship. Glob. Food Secur. 2019;23:267–281.
14. Di Tecco C, Fontana L, Adamo G, et al. Gender differences and occupational factors for the risk of obesity in the Italian working population. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):706.
15. Yu Z, Indelicato NA, Fuglestad P, et al. Sex differences in disordered eating and food addiction among college students. Appetite. 2018;129:12–18.
16. Garner DM, Olmsted MP, Bohr Y, et al. The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychol. Med. 1982;12(4):871–878.
17. Ergüney-Okumuş F, Sertel-Berk H. Yeme Tutum Testi Kısa Formunun (YTT-26) Üniversite Örnekleminde Türkçeye Uyarlanması ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Stud. Psychol. 2020;40(1):57–78.
18. Framson C, Kristal AR, Schenk JM, et al. Development and Validation of the Mindful Eating Questionnaire. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2009;109(8):1439–1444.
19. Kose G, Tayfur M, Birincioglu I, et al. Adaptation Study of the Mindful Eating Questiionnare (MEQ) into Turkish. J. Cogn.-Behav. Psychother. Res. 2017;1.
20. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. 2021.(https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight)
21. Ben-Noun LL, Sohar E, Laor A. Neck Circumference as a Simple Screening Measure for Identifying Overweight and Obese Patients. Obes. Res. 2001;9(8):470–477.
22. World Health Organization. Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva: 2008.(https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjf5bm1s_fxAhWQy6QKHZ2kBFsQFjAMegQIMhAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fpublications%2F2011%2F9789241501491_eng.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3Z_AO0i3To8TVijYdK2mQ3)
23. Ural A, Kılıç İ. Bilimsel araştırma süreci ve SPSS ile veri analizi. 6th ed. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık; 2005.
24. Al Banna MdH, Brazendale K, Khan MSI, et al. Association of overweight and obesity with the risk of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors among Bangladeshi university students. Eat. Behav. 2021;40:101474.
25. Fadipe B, Oyelohunnu MA, Olagunju AT, et al. Disordered eating attitudes: demographic and clinico-anthropometric correlates among a sample of Nigerian students. Afr. Health Sci. 2017;17(2):513.
26. Saleh RN, Salameh RA, Yhya HH, et al. Disordered eating attitudes in female students of An-Najah National University: a cross-sectional study. J. Eat. Disord. 2018;6(1):16.
27. Dunn TM, Hawkins N, Gagliano S, et al. Individuals who self-identify as having “orthorexia nervosa” score in the clinical range on the Eating Attitudes Test-26. Eat. Weight Disord. - Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes. 2019;24(6):1025–1030.
28. Gibson S, Ashwell M. A simple cut-off for waist-to-height ratio (0·5) can act as an indicator for cardiometabolic risk: recent data from adults in the Health Survey for England. Br. J. Nutr. 2020;123(6):681–690.
29. Macek P, Biskup M, Terek-Derszniak M, et al. Optimal cut-off values for anthropometric measures of obesity in screening for cardiometabolic disorders in adults. Sci. Rep. 2020;10(1):11253.
30. Savva S, Lamnisos D, Kafatos A. Predicting cardiometabolic risk: waist-to-height ratio or BMI. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther. 2013;403.
31. Yoo E-G. Waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for obesity and cardiometabolic risk. Korean J. Pediatr. 2016;59(11):425.
32. Aparecida Silva J, Oliveira Lopes S, Stofeles Cecon R, et al. Risk behavior for eating disorders in female university students from Viçosa-MG. Rev. Assoc. Bras. Nutr.-RASBRAN. 2021;12(2):119–132.
33. Miri N, Noroozi M, Zavoshy R, et al. The Association of Body Image With Anthropometric Measures and Eating Disorders Among Students From University Sports Teams. Int. J. Epidemiol. Res. 2019;6(3):114–119.
34. Özkan N, Bilici S. Are anthropometric measurements an indicator of intuitive and mindful eating? Eat. Weight Disord. - Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes. 2021;26(2):639–648.
35. Borisenkov MF, Popov SV, Pecherkina AA, et al. Food addiction in young adult residents of Russia: Associations with emotional and anthropometric characteristics. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 2020;28(4):465–472.
36. Rigotti T, De Cuyper N, Sekiguchi T. The Corona Crisis: What Can We Learn from Earlier Studies in Applied Psychology? Appl. Psychol. 2020;69(3):1–6.
37. Brown S, Opitz M-C, Peebles AI, et al. A qualitative exploration of the impact of COVID-19 on individuals with eating disorders in the UK. Appetite. 2021;156:104977.
38. Simone M, Emery RL, Hazzard VM, et al. Disordered eating in a population‐based sample of young adults during the COVID ‐19 outbreak. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2021;54(7):1189–1201.
39. Rodgers RF, Lombardo C, Cerolini S, et al. The impact of the COVID ‐19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2020;53(7):1166–1170.
40. Worsfold KA, Sheffield JK. Practitioner eating disorder detection: The influence of health mindset, thin‐ideal internalization, orthorexia and gender role. Early Interv. Psychiatry. 2021;15(2):296–305.
41. Aparicio-Martinez, Perea-Moreno, Martinez-Jimenez, et al. Social Media, Thin-Ideal, Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Attitudes: An Exploratory Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2019;16(21):4177.
42. Hawkins LK, Farrow C, Thomas JM. Do perceived norms of social media users’ eating habits and preferences predict our own food consumption and BMI? Appetite. 2020;149:104611.
43. Archibald-Durham L. The insta-diet. Curr. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2021;34(1):30–32.
44. Hardin SL, Thornton LM, Munn‐Chernoff MA, et al. Premenstrual symptoms as a marker of ovarian hormone sensitivity in eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2020;53(2):296–301.
45. Kammoun I, Ben Saâda W, Sifaou A, et al. Change in women’s eating habits during the menstrual cycle. Ann. Endocrinol. 2017;78(1):33–37.
46. Bryant M, Truesdale KP, Dye L. Modest changes in dietary intake across the menstrual cycle: implications for food intake research. Br. J. Nutr. 2006;96(5):888–894.
47. Arnoni-Bauer Y, Bick A, Raz N, et al. Is It Me or My Hormones? Neuroendocrine Activation Profiles to Visual Food Stimuli Across the Menstrual Cycle. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017;102(9):3406–3414.
48. Mikhail ME, Culbert KM, Sisk CL, et al. Gonadal hormone contributions to individual differences in eating disorder risk. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 2019;32(6):484–490.
49. Novelle MG, Diéguez C. Updating gender differences in the control of homeostatic and hedonic food intake: Implications for binge eating disorder. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2019;497:110508.
50. Castellini G, Lelli L, Cassioli E, et al. Relationships between eating disorder psychopathology, sexual hormones and sexual behaviours. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2019;497:110429.
51. Baker JH, Eisenlohr-Moul T, Wu Y-K, et al. Ovarian hormones influence eating disorder symptom variability during the menopause transition: A pilot study. Eat. Behav. 2019;35:101337.
52. Rossy L. Eating Solution the Mindfulness-Based, proven strategies to end overeating, satisfy your hunger, and savor your life. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.; 2016.
53. Czepczor-Bernat K, Brytek-Matera A, Gramaglia C, et al. The moderating effects of mindful eating on the relationship between emotional functioning and eating styles in overweight and obese women. Eat. Weight Disord. - Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes. 2020;25(4):841–849.
54. Manku R, Egan H, Keyte R, et al. Dieting, mindfulness and mindful eating:exploring whether or not diets reinforce mindfulness and mindful eating practices. Health Psychol. Rep. 2020;8(1):59–67.
55. Carrière K, Khoury B, Günak MM, et al. Mindfulness-based interventions for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Mindfulness interventions for weight loss. Obes. Rev. 2018;19(2):164–177.
56. Fuentes Artiles R, Staub K, Aldakak L, et al. Mindful eating and common diet programs lower body weight similarly: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obes. Rev. 2019;20(11):1619–1627.
57. Dunn C, Haubenreiser M, Johnson M, et al. Mindfulness Approaches and Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Weight Regain. Curr. Obes. Rep. 2018;7(1):37–49.
58. Broer M, Bai Y, Fonseca F. A review of the literature on socioeconomic status and educational achievement. Socioeconomic inequality and educational outcomes. 2019; 7-17.
59. Ware JK. Property value as a proxy of socioeconomic status in education. Education and Urban Society. 2019 ;51(1):99-119.
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Bagcilar S, Gezer C. Does obesity in young women associated with disordered eating behaviors and mindful eating?. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Dec. 23 [cited 2024 Jul. 18];24(4):e2022106. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/12657
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Bagcilar S, Gezer C. Does obesity in young women associated with disordered eating behaviors and mindful eating?. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Dec. 23 [cited 2024 Jul. 18];24(4):e2022106. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/12657
