Investigation of Retired Elite Athletes' Food Addiction
Main Article Content
Keywords
Food Addiction, Elite Athletes, After Retirement.
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the food addiction levels of retired elite athletes in terms of various variables. The research is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample group of the study, fencing, football, basketball, volleyball, athletics, handball, tae-kwon-do, badminton and tennis, who ended their sports career at least 3 years ago, 51 men (53.1%) and 45 women (46.9%) average age 33.75 ± 5.88 total 96 constitute the national athlete. In the study, Yale Food Addiction Scale consisting of 27 questions developed by Gearhardt et al. in 2009 and adapted to Turk-ish by Bayraktar et al. In 2012 was applied to the participants in the study. Food addiction was detected in 39 of 96 participants
participating in the study. When the data obtained in the study were examined, it was de-termined that the athletes who retired after exercising at the elite level experienced higher levels of problems with food addiction compared to other members of the society
References
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7) Popović-Ilić T, Stanković V, Ilić I, Hadži-Ilić S. Difference in body mass index and dietary habits of students of Faculty of Sport and Physical Education. Acta Medica Medianae 2019; 58(2): 51-55.
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18) Yarar H, Gökdemir K, Eroğlu H, Özdemir G. Elit seviyedeki sporcuların beslenme bilgi ve alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim Dergisi 2011; 13(3): 368-371.
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21) Macht M, Simons G. Emotions and eating in everyday life. Appetite 2000; 35(1): 65-71.
22) Macht M, Haupt C, Ellgring H. The perceived function of eating is changed during examination stress: a field study. Eating behaviors 2005; 6(2): 109-112.
23) Uyral E. Sporcularda emeklilik dönemini etkileyen faktörler: Emeklilik mi? Boşluk mu? Senex: Yaşlılık Çalışmaları Dergisi 2017; 1(1): 20-32.
24) Bayrak M, Tunçkol HM. Sporda emeklilik olgusu ve emeklilik uyum modelleri 2012.
25) Coakley J. J. Leaving competitive sport: Retirement or rebirth? Quest 1983; 35(1): 1-11.
26) Jewett R., Kerr G, Tamminen K. University sport retirement and athlete mental health: A narrative analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 2019; 11(3): 416-433.
27) Lenton A, Bradbury T, Sayers J. Elite sport retirement: Elite New Zealand athletes' perceptions of retirement interventions. Journal of Sport Behavior 2020; 43(1).
28) Hebebrand J, Albayrak Ö, Adan R, Antel J, Dieguez C, de Jong J, van der Plasse G. “Eating addiction”, rather than “food addiction”, better captures addictive-like eating behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2014; 47: 295-306.
29) Hauck C, Cook B, Ellrott T. Food addiction, eating addiction and eating disorders. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2020; 79(1): 103-112.
30) Kelly A. C, Carter J. C, Borairi S. Are improvements in shame and self‐compassion early in eating disorders treatment associated with better patient outcomes? International Journal of Eating Disorders 2014; 47(1): 54-64.
31) Öyekçin D. G, Deveci A. Yeme bagimliliginin etyolojisi/Etiology of food addiction. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar 2012; 4(2): 138.
32) Tuomisto T, Hetherington MM, Morris MF, Tuomisto MT, Turjanmaa V, Lappalainen R. Psychological and physiological characteristics of sweet food “addiction”. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1999; 25(2): 169-175.
33) Gold MS, Graham NA, Cocores JA, Nixon SJ. Food addiction? 2009; 42-45
34) Wade TD, Keski‐Rahkonen A, Hudson JI. Epidemiology of eating disorders. Textbook of psychiatric epidemiology 2011; 15:343-60.
35) Gunnars K. Food addiction-A serious problem with a simple solution. Vicious Eating 2014; 26-31.
36) Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale food addiction scale. Appetite 2009; 52(2): 430-436.
37) Corsica JA, Pelchat ML. Food addiction: true or false?. Current opinion in gastroenterology 2010; 26(2):165-9.
38) Ruddock HK, Christiansen P, Halford JC, Hardman CA. The development and validation of the Addiction-like Eating Behaviour Scale. International Journal of Obesity 2017; 41(11):1710-7.
39) Bayraktar F, Erkman F, Kurtulus E. Adaptation study of Yale food addiction Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni 2012; 22(1): P38.
40) Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson; 2007.
41) Melekoğlu T, Sezgin E, Işın A, Türk A. The effects of a physically active lifestyle on the health of former professional football players. Sports 2019;7(4):75
42) Satman I, Omer B, Tutuncu Y, Kalaca S, Gedik S, Dinccag N, Karsidag K, Genc S, Telci A, Canbaz B, Turker F. Twelve-year trends in the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes in Turkish adults. European Journal of Epidemiology 2013; 28(2): 169-80.
43) Özkan İ, Devrim A, Bilgiç P. Hafif şişman ve obez kadınlarda yeme bağımlılığı ile beslenme durumu ve depresyon ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi 2017; 23;45(3):242-9.
44) Braet C, Claus L, Goossens L, Moens E, Van Vlierberghe L, Soetens B. Differences in eating style between overweight and normal-weight youngsters. Journal of Health Psychology 2008;13(6):733-43.
45) Pursey KM, Stanwell P, Gearhardt AN, Collins CE, Burrows TL. The prevalence of food addiction as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale: a systematic review. Nutrients 2014;6(10):4552-90.
46) Yao PL, Laurencelle L, Trudeau F. Former athletes’ lifestyle and self-definition changes after retirement from sports. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2020;9(4):376-83.
47) Altowerqi ZM, bin Zainuddin ZA, Hashim HB. Metabolic syndrome and its components in former athletes: A. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 2020;24(06).
48) Pihl E, Zilmer K, Kullisaar T, Kairane C, Mägi A, Zilmer M. Atherogenic inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in relation to overweight values in male former athletes. International Journal of Obesity 2006; (1):141-6.
49) Balaman Bİ. Bakırköy ilçesindeki yetişkin populasyonda yeme bağımlılığı ve ilişkili etmenler, 2017; (Doctoral dissertation, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
50) Wiedemann AA, Lawson JL, Cunningham PM, Khalvati KM, Lydecker JA, Ivezaj V, Grilo CM. Food addiction among men and women in India. European Eating Disorders Review 2018; 26(6):597-604.
51) Baştürk E. Obez Bireylerde Bağlanma Stillerinin, Yaşam Doyumu ve Yeme Tutumuna Etkisi 2016; (Master Thesis: Beykent University).
52) Topkara G. Üniversite öğrencilerinin yeme tutumları ve yetişkin bağlanma stilleri arasındaki ilişkinin cinsiyete göre karşılaştırılması 2014; (Doctoral dissertation).
53) Liu L, Lou S, Xu K, Meng Z, Zhang Q, Song K. Relationship between lifestyle choices and hyperuricemia in Chinese men and women. Clinical rheumatology 2013;32(2):233-9.
54) Bilgi B. Bir İl Merkezinde Sağlık Kuruluşuna Başvuran Bireyler Arasında Yeme Bağımlılığı Sıklığının Belirlenmesi ve Sosyodemografik Faktörlerin Yeme Bağımlılığına Etkisinin Araştırılması, 2019. (Master Thesis. Isparta: Süleyman Demirel University)
55) Kosova S, Gümüş H, Koca Kosova M, Tok Mİ. The effect of acute vibration on visual reaction time in fencers. Sportis 2020; 6(3):517-32.
56) Gardasevic J, Bjelica D. Body Composition Differences between Football Players of the Three Top Football Clubs. International Journal of Morphology 2020; 38(1).
57) Ljubojevic M., Bojanic D, Bjelica D, Vasiljevic I, Vukotic M. Differences in anthropometric characteristics between two elite female basketball national teams-participants at eurobasket 2019 in Latvia and Serbia. International Journal of Morphology 2020; 38(4).
58) Stirling AE, Cruz LC, Kerr GA. Influence of retirement on body satisfaction and weight control behaviors: Perceptions of elite rhythmic gymnasts. Journal of applied sport psychology 2012; 24(2):129-43.
59) Buckley GL, Hall LE, Lassemillante AC, Ackerman KE, Belski R. Retired athletes and the intersection of food and body: a systematic literature review exploring compensatory behaviours and body change. Nutrients 2019;11(6):1395.
60) Marquet LA, Brown M, Tafflet M, Nassif H, Mouraby R, Bourhaleb S, Toussaint JF, Desgorces FD. No effect of weight cycling on the post-career BMI of weight class elite athletes. BMC Public Health 2013; 13(1):1-8.
61) Stephan Y, Bilard J. Repercussions of transition out of elite sport on body image. Perceptual and motor skills 2003; 96(1):95-104.
62) Cooper H, Winter S. Exploring the conceptualization and persistence of disordered eating in retired swimmers. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 2017;11(3):222-39.
63) Konttinen H, Silventoinen K, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Männistö S, Haukkala A. Emotional eating and physical activity self-efficacy as pathways in the association between depressive symptoms and adiposity indicators. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2010; 92(5):1031-9.
64) Wiss DA, Avena N, Rada P. Sugar addiction: from evolution to revolution. Frontiers in psychiatry 2018; 9:545.
2) Köse B. Kadın sporcularda beslenme problemleri ve kanıta dayalı beslenme önerileri. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Hekimliği-Özel Konular 2019; 5(1): 40-44.
3) Ayaş EB. Sporcuların besin takviyelerine olan inanç düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Academic Studies in Sport Sciences-II 2020; 45.
4) Kilic Y, Yildirim E. Investigating perceptions of students receiving sports education towards eating habits and obesity. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 2020; 15(1): 46-55.
5) Heiman T, Olenik-Shemesh D. Perceived body appearance and eating habits: the voice of young and adult students attending higher education. International journal of environmental research and public health 2019; 16(3):451.
6) Alves, R. Nutritional knowledge and eating attitudes and habits in higher education. Physical Education, Leisure and Health, 17-19 June 2019; Castelo Branco, Portugal, 1258.
7) Popović-Ilić T, Stanković V, Ilić I, Hadži-Ilić S. Difference in body mass index and dietary habits of students of Faculty of Sport and Physical Education. Acta Medica Medianae 2019; 58(2): 51-55.
8) Kampouri D, Kotopoulea-Nikolaidi M, Daskou S, Giannopoulou I. Prevalence of disordered eating in elite female athletes in team sports in Greece. European journal of sport science 2019; 19(9): 1267-1275.
9) Miri N, Noroozi M, Zavoshy R, Ezzeddin N. The Association of body image with anthropometric measures and eating disorders among students from university sports teams. International Journal of Epidemiologic Research 2019; 6(3): 114-119.
10) Noll M, Rodrigues P, Silveira A. Sport types and time spent playing sport are associated with eating pattern among Young Brazilian athletes. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine 2019; 10(4).
11) Devonport T, Nicholls W, Chen-Wilson CHJ. Emotional eating: implications for research and practice in elite sports contexts. In Feelings in Sport: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications for Performance and Well-being. Routledge 2020.
12) Ersoy G, Hasbay A. Sporcu Beslenmesi, Ankara, Klasmat Matbaacılık, 2000.
13) Hoogenboom BJ, Morris J, Morris C, Schaefer K. Nutritional knowledge and eating behaviors of female, collegiate swimmers. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009; 4(3): 139-148.
14) Maughan, RJ. Nutrition in sport (Vol. 7). John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
15) Berning JR, Steen SN. Nutrition for sport and exercise. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2006.
16) Jeukendrup A, Gleeson M. Sport nutrition. Human Kinetics; 2018.
17) Manore MM, Meyer NL, Thompson J. Sport nutrition for health and performance. Human Kinetics; 2009.
18) Yarar H, Gökdemir K, Eroğlu H, Özdemir G. Elit seviyedeki sporcuların beslenme bilgi ve alışkanlıklarının değerlendirilmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim Dergisi 2011; 13(3): 368-371.
19) Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM. Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2012;71(1):112-9.
20) Maughan, R. J, Shirreffs S. M. (Eds.). Food, Nutrition and Sports Performance III 2013; Routledge.
21) Macht M, Simons G. Emotions and eating in everyday life. Appetite 2000; 35(1): 65-71.
22) Macht M, Haupt C, Ellgring H. The perceived function of eating is changed during examination stress: a field study. Eating behaviors 2005; 6(2): 109-112.
23) Uyral E. Sporcularda emeklilik dönemini etkileyen faktörler: Emeklilik mi? Boşluk mu? Senex: Yaşlılık Çalışmaları Dergisi 2017; 1(1): 20-32.
24) Bayrak M, Tunçkol HM. Sporda emeklilik olgusu ve emeklilik uyum modelleri 2012.
25) Coakley J. J. Leaving competitive sport: Retirement or rebirth? Quest 1983; 35(1): 1-11.
26) Jewett R., Kerr G, Tamminen K. University sport retirement and athlete mental health: A narrative analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 2019; 11(3): 416-433.
27) Lenton A, Bradbury T, Sayers J. Elite sport retirement: Elite New Zealand athletes' perceptions of retirement interventions. Journal of Sport Behavior 2020; 43(1).
28) Hebebrand J, Albayrak Ö, Adan R, Antel J, Dieguez C, de Jong J, van der Plasse G. “Eating addiction”, rather than “food addiction”, better captures addictive-like eating behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2014; 47: 295-306.
29) Hauck C, Cook B, Ellrott T. Food addiction, eating addiction and eating disorders. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2020; 79(1): 103-112.
30) Kelly A. C, Carter J. C, Borairi S. Are improvements in shame and self‐compassion early in eating disorders treatment associated with better patient outcomes? International Journal of Eating Disorders 2014; 47(1): 54-64.
31) Öyekçin D. G, Deveci A. Yeme bagimliliginin etyolojisi/Etiology of food addiction. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar 2012; 4(2): 138.
32) Tuomisto T, Hetherington MM, Morris MF, Tuomisto MT, Turjanmaa V, Lappalainen R. Psychological and physiological characteristics of sweet food “addiction”. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1999; 25(2): 169-175.
33) Gold MS, Graham NA, Cocores JA, Nixon SJ. Food addiction? 2009; 42-45
34) Wade TD, Keski‐Rahkonen A, Hudson JI. Epidemiology of eating disorders. Textbook of psychiatric epidemiology 2011; 15:343-60.
35) Gunnars K. Food addiction-A serious problem with a simple solution. Vicious Eating 2014; 26-31.
36) Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale food addiction scale. Appetite 2009; 52(2): 430-436.
37) Corsica JA, Pelchat ML. Food addiction: true or false?. Current opinion in gastroenterology 2010; 26(2):165-9.
38) Ruddock HK, Christiansen P, Halford JC, Hardman CA. The development and validation of the Addiction-like Eating Behaviour Scale. International Journal of Obesity 2017; 41(11):1710-7.
39) Bayraktar F, Erkman F, Kurtulus E. Adaptation study of Yale food addiction Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni 2012; 22(1): P38.
40) Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson; 2007.
41) Melekoğlu T, Sezgin E, Işın A, Türk A. The effects of a physically active lifestyle on the health of former professional football players. Sports 2019;7(4):75
42) Satman I, Omer B, Tutuncu Y, Kalaca S, Gedik S, Dinccag N, Karsidag K, Genc S, Telci A, Canbaz B, Turker F. Twelve-year trends in the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes in Turkish adults. European Journal of Epidemiology 2013; 28(2): 169-80.
43) Özkan İ, Devrim A, Bilgiç P. Hafif şişman ve obez kadınlarda yeme bağımlılığı ile beslenme durumu ve depresyon ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi 2017; 23;45(3):242-9.
44) Braet C, Claus L, Goossens L, Moens E, Van Vlierberghe L, Soetens B. Differences in eating style between overweight and normal-weight youngsters. Journal of Health Psychology 2008;13(6):733-43.
45) Pursey KM, Stanwell P, Gearhardt AN, Collins CE, Burrows TL. The prevalence of food addiction as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale: a systematic review. Nutrients 2014;6(10):4552-90.
46) Yao PL, Laurencelle L, Trudeau F. Former athletes’ lifestyle and self-definition changes after retirement from sports. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2020;9(4):376-83.
47) Altowerqi ZM, bin Zainuddin ZA, Hashim HB. Metabolic syndrome and its components in former athletes: A. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 2020;24(06).
48) Pihl E, Zilmer K, Kullisaar T, Kairane C, Mägi A, Zilmer M. Atherogenic inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in relation to overweight values in male former athletes. International Journal of Obesity 2006; (1):141-6.
49) Balaman Bİ. Bakırköy ilçesindeki yetişkin populasyonda yeme bağımlılığı ve ilişkili etmenler, 2017; (Doctoral dissertation, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
50) Wiedemann AA, Lawson JL, Cunningham PM, Khalvati KM, Lydecker JA, Ivezaj V, Grilo CM. Food addiction among men and women in India. European Eating Disorders Review 2018; 26(6):597-604.
51) Baştürk E. Obez Bireylerde Bağlanma Stillerinin, Yaşam Doyumu ve Yeme Tutumuna Etkisi 2016; (Master Thesis: Beykent University).
52) Topkara G. Üniversite öğrencilerinin yeme tutumları ve yetişkin bağlanma stilleri arasındaki ilişkinin cinsiyete göre karşılaştırılması 2014; (Doctoral dissertation).
53) Liu L, Lou S, Xu K, Meng Z, Zhang Q, Song K. Relationship between lifestyle choices and hyperuricemia in Chinese men and women. Clinical rheumatology 2013;32(2):233-9.
54) Bilgi B. Bir İl Merkezinde Sağlık Kuruluşuna Başvuran Bireyler Arasında Yeme Bağımlılığı Sıklığının Belirlenmesi ve Sosyodemografik Faktörlerin Yeme Bağımlılığına Etkisinin Araştırılması, 2019. (Master Thesis. Isparta: Süleyman Demirel University)
55) Kosova S, Gümüş H, Koca Kosova M, Tok Mİ. The effect of acute vibration on visual reaction time in fencers. Sportis 2020; 6(3):517-32.
56) Gardasevic J, Bjelica D. Body Composition Differences between Football Players of the Three Top Football Clubs. International Journal of Morphology 2020; 38(1).
57) Ljubojevic M., Bojanic D, Bjelica D, Vasiljevic I, Vukotic M. Differences in anthropometric characteristics between two elite female basketball national teams-participants at eurobasket 2019 in Latvia and Serbia. International Journal of Morphology 2020; 38(4).
58) Stirling AE, Cruz LC, Kerr GA. Influence of retirement on body satisfaction and weight control behaviors: Perceptions of elite rhythmic gymnasts. Journal of applied sport psychology 2012; 24(2):129-43.
59) Buckley GL, Hall LE, Lassemillante AC, Ackerman KE, Belski R. Retired athletes and the intersection of food and body: a systematic literature review exploring compensatory behaviours and body change. Nutrients 2019;11(6):1395.
60) Marquet LA, Brown M, Tafflet M, Nassif H, Mouraby R, Bourhaleb S, Toussaint JF, Desgorces FD. No effect of weight cycling on the post-career BMI of weight class elite athletes. BMC Public Health 2013; 13(1):1-8.
61) Stephan Y, Bilard J. Repercussions of transition out of elite sport on body image. Perceptual and motor skills 2003; 96(1):95-104.
62) Cooper H, Winter S. Exploring the conceptualization and persistence of disordered eating in retired swimmers. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 2017;11(3):222-39.
63) Konttinen H, Silventoinen K, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Männistö S, Haukkala A. Emotional eating and physical activity self-efficacy as pathways in the association between depressive symptoms and adiposity indicators. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2010; 92(5):1031-9.
64) Wiss DA, Avena N, Rada P. Sugar addiction: from evolution to revolution. Frontiers in psychiatry 2018; 9:545.
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Investigation of Retired Elite Athletes’ Food Addiction. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Jan. 17 [cited 2024 May 1];23(4):e2021195. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/11156
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Investigation of Retired Elite Athletes’ Food Addiction. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Jan. 17 [cited 2024 May 1];23(4):e2021195. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/11156
