User-friendly system (a smartphone app) for reporting violent incidents in the Emergency Department: an Italian multicenter study.
Main Article Content
Keywords
Emergency Department; Emergency Nursing; Mobile Application; Under-reporting; Workplace Violence; Italy
Abstract
Background: Nurses, particularly emergency nurses, are among the health workers most exposed to workplace violence. Although reporting systems are increasingly used, under-reporting remains high. Recent studies suggest that the use of easy registration systems could facilitate violence reporting. Objectives: To verify if a friendly reporting system based on a Mobile-app can facilitate the reporting of violent episodes and reduce under-reporting. Methods: Twenty emergency departments of five North and Central Italian regions participated in an interventional, multicentric, pre-post study to verify if a user-friendly reporting system based on a mobile app can facilitate the reporting of violent episodes and reduce under-reporting. Results: Three hundred and eighty-four out of 754 potentially eligible nurses answered the short questionnaire at time T0, and 318 registered for the use of the app. One hundred and eighty-nine answered the questionnaire at time T1. The t-Test for Paired Samples, although with a low mean difference, shows a significant difference in the change in the frequency of the reporting of violent episodes. The correlational tests showed no significant differences in the subgroups divided by demographic and professional characteristics. The usability of the app was considered very high. Conclusions: The simplification of the reporting system and the preliminary acquisition of data on the characteristics of the ED and each nurse, can save time and facilitate the reporting, but technology alone is not enough to solve the under-reporting.
References
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Arnetz JE, Hamblin L, Ager J, et al: Using database reports to reduce workplace violence: Perceptions of hospital stakeholders. Work 2015; 51: 51-59. doi:10.3233/WOR-141887
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Bambi S, Guazzini A, Piredda M, et al: Negative interactions among nurses: An explorative study on lateral violence and bullying in nursing work settings. J Nurs Manag 2019; 27: 749-757. doi:10.1111/jonm.12738
Bangor A, Kortum PT, Miller JT: An Empirical Evaluation of the System Usability Scale. Int J Hum-Comput Int, 2008: 574-594
Berlanda S, Pedrazza M, Fraizzoli M, de Cordova F: Addressing Risks of Violence against Healthcare Staff in Emergency Departments: The Effects of Job Satisfaction and Attachment Style. Biomed Res Int. 2019; 2019: 5430870. doi:10.1155/2019/5430870
Blando JD, O'Hagan E, Casteel C, et al: Impact of hospital security programmes and workplace aggression on nurse perceptions of safety. J Nurs Manag 2013; 21: 491-498. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01416.x
Brooke,J: SUS: A “quick and dirty” usability scale. In: Jordan PW, Thomas B, Weerdmeester BA, McClelland (eds.) Usability Evaluation in Industry pp. 189-- 194. Taylor & Francis, London, UK (1996)
Brophy T, Keith M, Hurley M. Assaulted and Unheard: Violence Against Healthcare Staff. New Solut 2018;27:581-606. doi:10.1177/1048291117732301
Campbell C, Burg M, Gammonley D: Measures for incident reporting of patient violence and aggression towards healthcare providers: A systematic review. Aggress Violent Behav 2015; 25: 314–322. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.09.014 [35](8)10
Cannavò M, Fusaro N, Colaiuda F, et al: Studio preliminare sulla presenza e la rilevanza della violenza nei confronti del personale sanitario dell’emergenza Clin Ter 2017; 168(2): e99-e112. doi:10.7417/CT.2017.1990
Copeland D, Henry M: Workplace Violence and Perception of Safety Among Emergency Department Staff Members: Experiences, Expectations, Tolerance, Reporting, and Recomandations. J Trauma Nur, 2017;24:65-77. doi:10.1009/JTN.0000000000000269
D'Ettorre G, Caroli A, Pellicani V, Ceccarelli G: Preliminary risk assessment of workplace violence in hospital emergency departments. Ann Ig 2020; 32: 99-108. doi:10.7416/ai.2020.2334
Erikson L, Williams-Evans S: Attitudes of emergency nurses regarding patient assaults. J Emerg Nurs 200; 26: 210-215. doi:10.1016/S0099-1767(00)90092-8
Escribano R, Beneit J, Luis Garcia J. Violence in the workplace: some critical issues looking at the health sector. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01283. doi:0.1016/j.heliyon.2019
Ferns T: Recording violent incidents in the emergency department. Nurs Stand 2012; 26: 40-48. doi:10.7748/ns2012.03.26.28.40.c8996 [8](14)16
Firenze A, Santangelo OE, Gianfredi V, et al: Violence on doctors. An observational study in Northern Italy. Med Lav 2020; 111: 46-53. doi:0.23749/mdl.v111i1.8795
Gillespie GL, Leming-Lee T: Chart It to Stop It: Failure Modes and Effect Analysis for the Reporting of Workplace Aggression. Nurs Clin North Am 2019; 54:21-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cnur.2018.10.004
Gillespie GL, Leming-Lee TS, Crutcher T, Mattei J: Chart It to Stop It: A Quality Improvement Study to Increase the Reporting of Workplace Aggression. J Nurs Care Qual 2016; 31: 254-261. doi:10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000172.
Griffiths P, Needleman J: Statistical significance testing and p-values: Defending the indefensible? A discussion paper and position statement. Int J Nurs Stud 2019; 99: 103384. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.07.001
Hogarth K, Beattie J, Morphet J: Nurses' attitudes towards the reporting of violence in the emergency department. Australas Emerg Nurs J 2016; 19: 75-81. doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2015.03.006
Hyland S, Watts J, Fry M: Rates of workplace aggression in the emergency department and nurses' perceptions of this challenging behaviour: A multimethod study. Australas Emerg Nurs J 2016; 19: 143-148. doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2016.05.002
Kenned, M: Violence in emergency department: under reported, unconstrained and unconscionable. Med J Aust 2005;183:362-365. doi:0.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb07084.x
Kowalenko T, Hauff S, Morder P, Smith B: Development of Data Collection Instrument for Violent Patient Encounters against Healthcare Workers. West J Emerg Med, 2012; 13: 429-433. doi:10.5811/westjem.2011.12.6795
Kvas A, Seljak J: Unreported workplace violence in nursing. Int Nurs Rev. 2014; 61: 344-351. doi:10.1111/inr.12106
Luciani M, Spedale V, Romanenghi M, et al: Violence towards nurses and factors affecting violence in hospital settings: an Italian cross-sectional study. Med Lav 2016; 107: 191-204
Luck L, Jackson D, Usher K: Innocent or culpable: meanings that emergency department nurses ascribe to individual acts of violence. J Clin Nurs 2008; 17: 1071-1078. doi:0.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01870.x
Magnavita N, Heponiemi T, Bevilacqua L, et al: Analisi della violenza contro i lavoratori della Sanità durante la sorveglianza sanitaria in un periodo di 8 anni [Analysis of violence against health care workers through medical surveillance at the workplace in a 8-yr period]. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2011; 33: 274-277
Magnavita N, Heponiemi T: Violence towards health care workers in a Public Health Care Facility in Italy: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12: 108. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-108 [da inserire]27
Marte M, Cappellano E, Sestili C, et al: Workplace violence towards healthcare workers: an observational study in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Rome. Med Lav 2019; 110: 130-141. doi:10.23749/mdl.v110i2.7807
McPhaul K, Lipscomb J: Workplace violence in health care: recognized but not regulated. Online J Issues Nurs 2004; 9: 7
Morphet J, Griffiths D, Beattie J, Innes K: Managers' experiences of prevention and management of workplace violence against health care staff: A descriptive exploratory study. J Nurs Manag 2019;27:781-791. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12761
Morphet J, Griffiths D, Innes K: The trouble with reporting and utilization of workplace violence data in health care. J Nurs Manag 2019; 27: 592-598. doi:10.1111/jonm.12717
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Violence: Occupational hazards in hospitals. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002–2101, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-101/pdfs/2002-101.pdf?xml:id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2002101 ; 2002 [last accessed 09.09.19]
Pich J, Hazelton M, Sundin D, Kable A: Patient-related violence at triage: A qualitative descriptive study. Int Emerg Nurs 2011; 19: 12-19. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2009.11.007
Pich J, Kable A, Hazelton M: Antecedents and precipitants of patient-related violence in the emergency department: Results from the Australian VENT Study (Violence in Emergency Nursing and Triage). Australas Emerg Nurs J 2017; 20: 107-113. doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2017.05.00
Pucciarelli G, Simeone S, Madonna G, Virgolesi M: L’uso degli smartphone nel personale infermieristico: una revisione narrativa della letteratura [Smartphone use in nursing population: a narrative review]. Prof Inferm. 2017; 70: 102-115. doi:10.7429/pi.2017.702102
Ramacciati N, Caldelli R, Becarelli R, et al: App per la segnalazione degli atti di violenza verso gli infermieri di pronto soccorso: risultati di uno studio multicentrico. 38° Congresso Nazionale Aniarti “Think Global Act Local” Bologna, 12-13 novembre 2019. Scenario 2019: 18-19
Ramacciati N, Caldelli R, Rasero L: User-friendly system (a smartphone app) for reporting violent incidents in the Emergency Department: a multicenter study. In Needham I, McKenna K, Frank O, Oud N. Sixth International Conference on Violence in the Health Sector. Advancing the delivery of positive practice. Dwingeloo: Kavanah, 2018: 414-417
Ramacciati N, Ceccagnoli A, Addey B, et al: Interventions to reduce the risk of violence toward emergency department staff: current approaches. Open Access Emer Med 2016; 8: 17-27. doi: 10.2147/OAEM.S69976
Ramacciati N, Ceccagnoli A, Addey B, et al: Violence towards emergency nurses: A narrative review of theories and frameworks. Int Emerg Nurs 2018; 39: 2-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2017.08.004
Ramacciati N, Ceccagnoli A, Addey B, Rasero L: Violence towards Emergency Nurses. The Italian National Survey 2016: A qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud 2018; 81: 21-29. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.017
Ramacciati N, Ceccagnoli A, Addey B: Violence against nurses in the Triage Area: an Italian qualitative study. Int Emerg Nurs 2015; 23: 274-280. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2015.02.004
Ramacciati N, Gili A, Mezzetti A, et al: Violence towards Emergency Nurses: The 2016 Italian National Survey-A cross-sectional study. J Nurs Manag 2019; 27: 792-805. doi: 10.111/jonm.12733
Ramacciati N, Lumini E, Proietti Righi M, et al: User-friendly system for reporting violent incidents in the Emergency Department: an Italian experience. In Needham I, McKenna K, Frank O, Oud N. Fift International Conference on Violence in the Health Sector. Broadening our view – responding together. Dwingeloo: Kavanah, 2016: 114-115
Richardson S, Grainger P, Ardagh M, Morrison R: Violence and aggression in the emergency department is under-reported and under-appreciated. N Z Med J 2018; 131: 50-58
Sato K, Wakabayashi T, Kiyoshi-Teo H, Fukahori H: Factors associated with nurses' reporting of patients' aggressive behavior: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2013; 50: 1368-1376. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.12.011
Spelten E, Thomas B, O'Meara PF, et al: Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by patients and patient advocates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 4(4): CD012662. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012662.pub2
Stene J, Larson E, Levy M, Dohlman M: Workplace violence in the emergency department: giving staff the tools and support to report. Perm J 2015;19:e113-117. doi:10.7812/TPP/14-187
Taylor J, Rew L: A systematic review of the literature: workplace violence in the emergency department. J Clin Nurs 2011;20:1072-1085. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03342.x
Terzoni S, Ferrara P, Cornelli R, et al: Violence and unsafety in a major Italian hospital: experience and perceptions of health care workers. Med Lav 2015; 106: 403-411
University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center (UIIPRC). Workplace violence – A report to the nation. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa; 2001
Wassell J: Workplace violence intervention effectiveness: A systematic literature review. Safety Sci 2009; 47: 1049-1055
Wolf L, Delao A, Perhats C: Nothing changes, nobody cares: understanding the experience of emergency nurses physically or verbally assaulted while providing care. J Emerg Nurs 2014; 40: 305-310. doi:110.1016/j.jen.2013.11.006
Zhang L, Wang A, Xie X, et al:. Workplace violence against nurses: A cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud 2017; 72: 8-14. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.04.002
Arnetz JE, Hamblin L, Ager J, et al: Using database reports to reduce workplace violence: Perceptions of hospital stakeholders. Work 2015; 51: 51-59. doi:10.3233/WOR-141887
Arnetz JE, Hamblin L, Essenmacher L, et al: Understanding patient-to-worker violence in hospitals: a qualitative analysis of documented incident reports. J Adv Nurs 2015; 71: 338-348. doi:10.1111/jan.12494
Bambi S, Guazzini A, Piredda M, et al: Negative interactions among nurses: An explorative study on lateral violence and bullying in nursing work settings. J Nurs Manag 2019; 27: 749-757. doi:10.1111/jonm.12738
Bangor A, Kortum PT, Miller JT: An Empirical Evaluation of the System Usability Scale. Int J Hum-Comput Int, 2008: 574-594
Berlanda S, Pedrazza M, Fraizzoli M, de Cordova F: Addressing Risks of Violence against Healthcare Staff in Emergency Departments: The Effects of Job Satisfaction and Attachment Style. Biomed Res Int. 2019; 2019: 5430870. doi:10.1155/2019/5430870
Blando JD, O'Hagan E, Casteel C, et al: Impact of hospital security programmes and workplace aggression on nurse perceptions of safety. J Nurs Manag 2013; 21: 491-498. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01416.x
Brooke,J: SUS: A “quick and dirty” usability scale. In: Jordan PW, Thomas B, Weerdmeester BA, McClelland (eds.) Usability Evaluation in Industry pp. 189-- 194. Taylor & Francis, London, UK (1996)
Brophy T, Keith M, Hurley M. Assaulted and Unheard: Violence Against Healthcare Staff. New Solut 2018;27:581-606. doi:10.1177/1048291117732301
Campbell C, Burg M, Gammonley D: Measures for incident reporting of patient violence and aggression towards healthcare providers: A systematic review. Aggress Violent Behav 2015; 25: 314–322. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.09.014 [35](8)10
Cannavò M, Fusaro N, Colaiuda F, et al: Studio preliminare sulla presenza e la rilevanza della violenza nei confronti del personale sanitario dell’emergenza Clin Ter 2017; 168(2): e99-e112. doi:10.7417/CT.2017.1990
Copeland D, Henry M: Workplace Violence and Perception of Safety Among Emergency Department Staff Members: Experiences, Expectations, Tolerance, Reporting, and Recomandations. J Trauma Nur, 2017;24:65-77. doi:10.1009/JTN.0000000000000269
D'Ettorre G, Caroli A, Pellicani V, Ceccarelli G: Preliminary risk assessment of workplace violence in hospital emergency departments. Ann Ig 2020; 32: 99-108. doi:10.7416/ai.2020.2334
Erikson L, Williams-Evans S: Attitudes of emergency nurses regarding patient assaults. J Emerg Nurs 200; 26: 210-215. doi:10.1016/S0099-1767(00)90092-8
Escribano R, Beneit J, Luis Garcia J. Violence in the workplace: some critical issues looking at the health sector. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01283. doi:0.1016/j.heliyon.2019
Ferns T: Recording violent incidents in the emergency department. Nurs Stand 2012; 26: 40-48. doi:10.7748/ns2012.03.26.28.40.c8996 [8](14)16
Firenze A, Santangelo OE, Gianfredi V, et al: Violence on doctors. An observational study in Northern Italy. Med Lav 2020; 111: 46-53. doi:0.23749/mdl.v111i1.8795
Gillespie GL, Leming-Lee T: Chart It to Stop It: Failure Modes and Effect Analysis for the Reporting of Workplace Aggression. Nurs Clin North Am 2019; 54:21-32. doi: 10.1016/j.cnur.2018.10.004
Gillespie GL, Leming-Lee TS, Crutcher T, Mattei J: Chart It to Stop It: A Quality Improvement Study to Increase the Reporting of Workplace Aggression. J Nurs Care Qual 2016; 31: 254-261. doi:10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000172.
Griffiths P, Needleman J: Statistical significance testing and p-values: Defending the indefensible? A discussion paper and position statement. Int J Nurs Stud 2019; 99: 103384. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.07.001
Hogarth K, Beattie J, Morphet J: Nurses' attitudes towards the reporting of violence in the emergency department. Australas Emerg Nurs J 2016; 19: 75-81. doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2015.03.006
Hyland S, Watts J, Fry M: Rates of workplace aggression in the emergency department and nurses' perceptions of this challenging behaviour: A multimethod study. Australas Emerg Nurs J 2016; 19: 143-148. doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2016.05.002
Kenned, M: Violence in emergency department: under reported, unconstrained and unconscionable. Med J Aust 2005;183:362-365. doi:0.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb07084.x
Kowalenko T, Hauff S, Morder P, Smith B: Development of Data Collection Instrument for Violent Patient Encounters against Healthcare Workers. West J Emerg Med, 2012; 13: 429-433. doi:10.5811/westjem.2011.12.6795
Kvas A, Seljak J: Unreported workplace violence in nursing. Int Nurs Rev. 2014; 61: 344-351. doi:10.1111/inr.12106
Luciani M, Spedale V, Romanenghi M, et al: Violence towards nurses and factors affecting violence in hospital settings: an Italian cross-sectional study. Med Lav 2016; 107: 191-204
Luck L, Jackson D, Usher K: Innocent or culpable: meanings that emergency department nurses ascribe to individual acts of violence. J Clin Nurs 2008; 17: 1071-1078. doi:0.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01870.x
Magnavita N, Heponiemi T, Bevilacqua L, et al: Analisi della violenza contro i lavoratori della Sanità durante la sorveglianza sanitaria in un periodo di 8 anni [Analysis of violence against health care workers through medical surveillance at the workplace in a 8-yr period]. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2011; 33: 274-277
Magnavita N, Heponiemi T: Violence towards health care workers in a Public Health Care Facility in Italy: a repeated cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12: 108. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-108 [da inserire]27
Marte M, Cappellano E, Sestili C, et al: Workplace violence towards healthcare workers: an observational study in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Rome. Med Lav 2019; 110: 130-141. doi:10.23749/mdl.v110i2.7807
McPhaul K, Lipscomb J: Workplace violence in health care: recognized but not regulated. Online J Issues Nurs 2004; 9: 7
Morphet J, Griffiths D, Beattie J, Innes K: Managers' experiences of prevention and management of workplace violence against health care staff: A descriptive exploratory study. J Nurs Manag 2019;27:781-791. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12761
Morphet J, Griffiths D, Innes K: The trouble with reporting and utilization of workplace violence data in health care. J Nurs Manag 2019; 27: 592-598. doi:10.1111/jonm.12717
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Violence: Occupational hazards in hospitals. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002–2101, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-101/pdfs/2002-101.pdf?xml:id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2002101 ; 2002 [last accessed 09.09.19]
Pich J, Hazelton M, Sundin D, Kable A: Patient-related violence at triage: A qualitative descriptive study. Int Emerg Nurs 2011; 19: 12-19. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2009.11.007
Pich J, Kable A, Hazelton M: Antecedents and precipitants of patient-related violence in the emergency department: Results from the Australian VENT Study (Violence in Emergency Nursing and Triage). Australas Emerg Nurs J 2017; 20: 107-113. doi:10.1016/j.aenj.2017.05.00
Pucciarelli G, Simeone S, Madonna G, Virgolesi M: L’uso degli smartphone nel personale infermieristico: una revisione narrativa della letteratura [Smartphone use in nursing population: a narrative review]. Prof Inferm. 2017; 70: 102-115. doi:10.7429/pi.2017.702102
Ramacciati N, Caldelli R, Becarelli R, et al: App per la segnalazione degli atti di violenza verso gli infermieri di pronto soccorso: risultati di uno studio multicentrico. 38° Congresso Nazionale Aniarti “Think Global Act Local” Bologna, 12-13 novembre 2019. Scenario 2019: 18-19
Ramacciati N, Caldelli R, Rasero L: User-friendly system (a smartphone app) for reporting violent incidents in the Emergency Department: a multicenter study. In Needham I, McKenna K, Frank O, Oud N. Sixth International Conference on Violence in the Health Sector. Advancing the delivery of positive practice. Dwingeloo: Kavanah, 2018: 414-417
Ramacciati N, Ceccagnoli A, Addey B, et al: Interventions to reduce the risk of violence toward emergency department staff: current approaches. Open Access Emer Med 2016; 8: 17-27. doi: 10.2147/OAEM.S69976
Ramacciati N, Ceccagnoli A, Addey B, et al: Violence towards emergency nurses: A narrative review of theories and frameworks. Int Emerg Nurs 2018; 39: 2-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2017.08.004
Ramacciati N, Ceccagnoli A, Addey B, Rasero L: Violence towards Emergency Nurses. The Italian National Survey 2016: A qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud 2018; 81: 21-29. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.01.017
Ramacciati N, Ceccagnoli A, Addey B: Violence against nurses in the Triage Area: an Italian qualitative study. Int Emerg Nurs 2015; 23: 274-280. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2015.02.004
Ramacciati N, Gili A, Mezzetti A, et al: Violence towards Emergency Nurses: The 2016 Italian National Survey-A cross-sectional study. J Nurs Manag 2019; 27: 792-805. doi: 10.111/jonm.12733
Ramacciati N, Lumini E, Proietti Righi M, et al: User-friendly system for reporting violent incidents in the Emergency Department: an Italian experience. In Needham I, McKenna K, Frank O, Oud N. Fift International Conference on Violence in the Health Sector. Broadening our view – responding together. Dwingeloo: Kavanah, 2016: 114-115
Richardson S, Grainger P, Ardagh M, Morrison R: Violence and aggression in the emergency department is under-reported and under-appreciated. N Z Med J 2018; 131: 50-58
Sato K, Wakabayashi T, Kiyoshi-Teo H, Fukahori H: Factors associated with nurses' reporting of patients' aggressive behavior: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2013; 50: 1368-1376. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.12.011
Spelten E, Thomas B, O'Meara PF, et al: Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by patients and patient advocates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 4(4): CD012662. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012662.pub2
Stene J, Larson E, Levy M, Dohlman M: Workplace violence in the emergency department: giving staff the tools and support to report. Perm J 2015;19:e113-117. doi:10.7812/TPP/14-187
Taylor J, Rew L: A systematic review of the literature: workplace violence in the emergency department. J Clin Nurs 2011;20:1072-1085. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03342.x
Terzoni S, Ferrara P, Cornelli R, et al: Violence and unsafety in a major Italian hospital: experience and perceptions of health care workers. Med Lav 2015; 106: 403-411
University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center (UIIPRC). Workplace violence – A report to the nation. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa; 2001
Wassell J: Workplace violence intervention effectiveness: A systematic literature review. Safety Sci 2009; 47: 1049-1055
Wolf L, Delao A, Perhats C: Nothing changes, nobody cares: understanding the experience of emergency nurses physically or verbally assaulted while providing care. J Emerg Nurs 2014; 40: 305-310. doi:110.1016/j.jen.2013.11.006
Zhang L, Wang A, Xie X, et al:. Workplace violence against nurses: A cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud 2017; 72: 8-14. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.04.002
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Ramacciati N, Guazzini A, Caldelli R, Rasero L. User-friendly system (a smartphone app) for reporting violent incidents in the Emergency Department: an Italian multicenter study. Med Lav [Internet]. 2021 Feb. 23 [cited 2024 Jul. 18];112(1):68-81. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/9984
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How to Cite
1.
Ramacciati N, Guazzini A, Caldelli R, Rasero L. User-friendly system (a smartphone app) for reporting violent incidents in the Emergency Department: an Italian multicenter study. Med Lav [Internet]. 2021 Feb. 23 [cited 2024 Jul. 18];112(1):68-81. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/9984
