The Gofman-Tamplin Cancer Risk Controversy and Its Impact on the Creation of BEIR I and the Acceptance of LNT
Main Article Content
Keywords
linear non-threshold, cancer risk assessment, dose response, radiation, mutation, atomic bomb, nuclear power, EPA, fallout
Abstract
Background: The major public dispute between John Gofman and his colleague Arthur Tamplin and the United States (US) Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) at the end of the 1960s and during the early 1970s significantly impacted the course of cancer risk assessment in the US and worldwide. The challenging and provocative testimony of Gofman to the US Senate in early 1970 lead to the formation of the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) I Committee in order to evaluate the accuracy of claims by Gofman and Tamplin that emissions from nuclear power plants would significantly increase the occurrence of genetic defects and cancers. BEIR I recommended the adoption of the linear non-threshold (LNT) dose response model for the assessment of cancer risks from radiation exposures. The US EPA adopted this recommendation and generalized it to incorporate chemical carcinogens, thereby affecting cancer risk assessments over the next decades. Despite the scientific limitations and ideological framework of their perspectives, Gofman and Tamplin are of considerable historical importance since they had essential roles in affecting the adoption of LNT by regulatory agencies.
References
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17. Ratcliffe, DT. Dr. John W. Gofman: His life, and research on the health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. https://ratical.org/ratitorsCorner/09.23.15.html. 2015.
18. Calabrese, EJ. Linear non-threshold (LNT) fails numerous toxicological stress tests: Implications for continued policy use. Chem Biol Inter. 2022; 365, 110064, doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110064.
19. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation, Genetics Panel, Report to the Public, Washington DC, 1956.
20. Goldman M. Ionizing radiation and its risks. The West J Med. 1982; 137, 540-547.
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33. Gofman JW, Tamplin AR. Osteosarcoma Induction in the Beagle Dog with Alpha Emitting Radionuclides, Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. Washington DC, 1970.
34. Tamplin AR, Gofman JWW. III. Allowable occupational exposure and employee’s compensation (GT-118-70), Supplement to Testimony presented at Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. March 30, 1970.
35. Tamplin AR, Gofman JW. Documents submitted by Dr. John W. Gofman. Bio-medical Research Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. III. Document No. 4. The Colorado Plateau: Joachimethal revisited?: An analysis of the lung cancer problem in uranium and hardrock miners. Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. 1970; GT-106-70 – page 1994.
36. Tamplin AR, Gofman JW. Documents submitted by Dr. John W. Gofman. Bio-medical Research Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. IV. Document No. 6. Radiation induction of human breast cancer. Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. 1970; GT-107-70 – page 2034.
37. Tamplin AR, Gofman JW. Documents submitted by Dr. John W. Gofman. Bio-medical Research Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. VII. Document No. 8. ICRP-Publication 14 versus the Gofman-Tamplin Report. Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. 1970; GT-110-70 – page 2099.
38. Budinger, T. Email to Edward J. Calabrese, October 12, 2022.
39. Tamplin AR. The BEIR Report: A focus on issues. Science and Public Affairs, pp. 19-20, 1973.
40. Calabrese EJ, Selby P. Cover up and cancer risk assessment: Prominent US scientists suppressed evidence to promote adoption of LNT. Environ Res. 2022; 210, 112973.
41. Blackburn H. John ‘Jack’ Gofman. Researcher and social activist; fair-haired boy and enemy within. Amer J Cardiol. 2021; 154, 111-117.
42. Blackburn H. Email letter to Edward J. Calabrese, October 25, 2022.
43. Gofman JW, Tamplin AR. ‘Population Control’ through Nuclear Pollution. Nelsen-Hall Co. Publishers, Chicago, IL, 1970.
44. Court-Brown WM, Doll R. Laukaemia and aplastic anaemia in patients irradiated for ankylosing spondylitis. Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 295. Reprinted in J Rad Prot. 1957; 27, B15-B154.
45. Court-Brown WM, Doll R. Mortality from cancer and other causes after radiotherapy for ankylosing spondylitis. Brit Med J. 1965; 2, 1327-1332.
46. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Radiation Protection. Radiosensitivity and spatial distribution of dose. Reports prepared by two task groups of ICRP Committee 1, ICRP-PUBL-14. Pergamon Press, New York NY, 1969.
47. Lewis EB. Leukemia and ionizing radiation. Science. 1957; 125, 965-972.
48. Calabrese EJ. LNT and cancer risk assessment: Its flawed foundations part 1: Radiation and leukemia: Where LNT began. Environ Res. 2021; 197, 111025.
49. Calabrese EJ. LNT and cancer risk assessment: Its flawed foundations part 2: How unsound LNT science became accepted. Environ Res. 2021; 197, 111041.
50. Wald N. Leukemia in Hiroshima City atomic bomb survivors. Science. 1958; 127, 127:699-700.
51. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation, Medical/Pathology Panel Transcripts, Washington, DC, 1956.
52. Gofman JW. Radiation and Human Health. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, CA. 1981, pp. 670-673.
53. Sasaki MS, Miyata H. Biological dosimetry in atomic bomb survivors. Nature. 1968; 220, 11891193.
54. Evans RD. Radium in man. Health Physics. 1974; 27, 497-510.
55. Russell WL. Factors affecting the radiation induction of mutations. In: Biological Implications of the Nuclear Age. US Department of Health Education & Welfare. 1969, pp. 255-267.
56. Mays CW, Dougherty TF, Taylor GN, Stover BJ, Jee WSS, et al. Bone cancer induction by radionuclides: Incidence vs dose. Radiobiology Division, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1970, page 2193.
57. Gofman JW. The radiation hazard for man. In: The Environmental and Ecological Forum 1970-1971. US Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, DC, 1972.
58. Bond VP. The public and radiation from nuclear power plants. In: The Environmental and Ecological Forum 1970-2971. US Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn, 1972.
59. Bond VP, Shella-Barger CJ, EP Cronkite EP. Appendix 4: Comments by, Brookhaven National Laboratory, on Radiation induction of breast cancer in the rat: A validation of the linear hypothesis of radiation carcinogenesis over the range 0-600 rads. 1970; GT-112-70., page 2145.
60. Cuttler JM. Evidence of a dose threshold for radiation-induced leukemia. Dose Response. 2018; 16, 1-5.
61. Wright S. Letter to William Russell. American Philosophical Society. Wright File. December 23, 1970.
62. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation, Medical/Pathology Panel. Report to the Public, Washington, DC, 1960.
63. Anonymous. Vermont A-Plant called a threat. New York Times, September 13, 1970.
64. Tamplin AR. The regulation of man-made radiation in the biosphere. In Nuclear Power and the Public. Harry Foreman (editor). University of Minnesota Press, 1970, pp. 45-51.
65. Calabrese EJ. The linear No-threshold (LNT) dose response model: A comprehensive assessment of its historical and scientific foundations. Chem Biol Inter. 2019; 301, 6-25.
66. Calabrese EJ. On the origins of the linear no-threshold (LNT) dogma by means of untruths, artful dodges and blind faith. Environ Res. 2015; 142, 432-442.
67. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation, Genetics Panel, Report to the Public, Washington DC, 1960.
2. National Academy of Sciences (NAS)/National Research Council (NRC). Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR): The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Division of Medical Sciences, Washington DC, 1972.
3. United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (1975). EPA Policy Statement on relationship between radiation dose and effects. Fed Reg. 1975; 41, 28409.
4. Albert RE. Carcinogen risk assessment in the US Environmental Protection Agency. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1994; 24, 75-85.
5. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation, Genetics Panel. Science. 1956; 123, 1157-1164.
6. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation, Genetics Panel. Technical Report, Washington, DC, 1960.
7. Calabrese EJ. EPA adopts LNT: New historical perspectives. Chem Biol Inter. 2019; 308, 110-112.
8. Holcomb RW. Radiation risk: a scientific problem? Science. 1970; 167, 853-855.
9. Gofman J. The radiation hazard for man. In: The Environmental and Ecological Forum 1970-1971. US Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, TN, 1972; pp. 72-86.
10. Gofman JW. Oral History. Human Radiation Studies: Remembering the Early Years. US Department of Energy. December 20, 1994.
11. Gofman GW, Tamplin AR. Low dose radiation, chromosomes and cancer. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, San Francisco, CA, 1969.
12. Semendeferi I. Exploiting uncertainty in radiation limits: Monticello dissenters, health physicists, and the civilian nuclear-power debate. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Minnesota, 2003.
13. Sternglass EJ. Infant mortality and nuclear tests. Bull Atomic Sci. 1969; 25, 18-20.
14. Boffey PM. Ernest J. Sternglass: Controversial prophet of doom. Science. 1969; 166(3902), 195-200.
15.Tamplin AR. Fetal and infant mortality and the environment. Bull Atomic Sci. 1969; 25, 23-29, doi.org/10.1090/00963402.1969.11455295.
16. Gofman JW. Nuclear Witness, Insider speak out: John W. Gofman, Medical Physicist. DiaNuke.org, 1982.
17. Ratcliffe, DT. Dr. John W. Gofman: His life, and research on the health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. https://ratical.org/ratitorsCorner/09.23.15.html. 2015.
18. Calabrese, EJ. Linear non-threshold (LNT) fails numerous toxicological stress tests: Implications for continued policy use. Chem Biol Inter. 2022; 365, 110064, doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110064.
19. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation, Genetics Panel, Report to the Public, Washington DC, 1956.
20. Goldman M. Ionizing radiation and its risks. The West J Med. 1982; 137, 540-547.
21. Sankaranarayanan K, Wassom JS. Reflections on the impact of advances in the assessment of genetic risk of exposure to ionizing radiation on international radiation protection recommendations between the made-1950s and the present. Mut Res. 2008; 658, 1-27.
22. Calabrese EJ. The Muller-Neel dispute and the fate of cancer risk assessment. Environ Res. 2020; 190, 109961, doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109961.
23. Gofman JW, Tamplin AR. Poisoned Power. Rodale Press, NY, NY, 1971.
24. Lederberg J. Affidavit before Public Service Board of VT. September 8, 1970.
25. Muller HJ, Mott-Smith LM. Evidence that natural radioactivity is inadequate to explain the frequency of “natural” mutations. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 1930; 16, 277-285.
26. Lederberg J. Letter to Pennsylvania State Senate. October 16, 1970.
27. Schneiderman MA. Letter to Joshua Lederberg. May 6, 1971.
28. Gofman JW, Tamplin AR. Appendix 3: Documents submitted by Dr. John W. Gofman. Bio-medical Research Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory: II. Document No. 3. Studies of radium-exposed humans II: Further refutation of the RD Evans’ claim that the linear non-threshold model of radiation carcinogenesis is incorrect. Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. 1970; GT-105-70 – page 1956.
29. Gofman AR, Tamplin AR. Documents submitted by Dr. John W. Gofman. Bio-medical Research Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. V. Document No. 7. Radiation induction of human lung cancer. Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. 1970; GT-108-70 – page 2050.
30. Gofman AR, Tamplin AR. Documents submitted by Dr. John W. Gofman. Bio-medical Research Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. VI. Document No. 1-A. The mechanism of radiation carcinogenesis. Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. 1970; GT-109-70 – page 2068.
31. Gofman AR, Tamplin AR. Documents submitted by Dr. John W. Gofman. Bio-medical Research Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. VIII. Document No. 9. Major fallacies in the AEC staff comments on demonstrated validity of the doubling dose concept as used by Gofman and Tamplin. Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. 1970; GT-111-70 – page 2133.
32. Gofman AR, Tamplin AR. Documents submitted by Dr. John W. Gofman. Bio-medical Research Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. IX. Document No. 2-A. Radiation induction of breast cancer in the rat: A validation of the linear hypothesis of radiation carcinogenesis over the range 0-600 rads. Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. 1970; GT-112-70- page 2128.
33. Gofman JW, Tamplin AR. Osteosarcoma Induction in the Beagle Dog with Alpha Emitting Radionuclides, Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. Washington DC, 1970.
34. Tamplin AR, Gofman JWW. III. Allowable occupational exposure and employee’s compensation (GT-118-70), Supplement to Testimony presented at Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. March 30, 1970.
35. Tamplin AR, Gofman JW. Documents submitted by Dr. John W. Gofman. Bio-medical Research Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. III. Document No. 4. The Colorado Plateau: Joachimethal revisited?: An analysis of the lung cancer problem in uranium and hardrock miners. Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. 1970; GT-106-70 – page 1994.
36. Tamplin AR, Gofman JW. Documents submitted by Dr. John W. Gofman. Bio-medical Research Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. IV. Document No. 6. Radiation induction of human breast cancer. Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. 1970; GT-107-70 – page 2034.
37. Tamplin AR, Gofman JW. Documents submitted by Dr. John W. Gofman. Bio-medical Research Division, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. VII. Document No. 8. ICRP-Publication 14 versus the Gofman-Tamplin Report. Hearings of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 91st Congress of the United States. 1970; GT-110-70 – page 2099.
38. Budinger, T. Email to Edward J. Calabrese, October 12, 2022.
39. Tamplin AR. The BEIR Report: A focus on issues. Science and Public Affairs, pp. 19-20, 1973.
40. Calabrese EJ, Selby P. Cover up and cancer risk assessment: Prominent US scientists suppressed evidence to promote adoption of LNT. Environ Res. 2022; 210, 112973.
41. Blackburn H. John ‘Jack’ Gofman. Researcher and social activist; fair-haired boy and enemy within. Amer J Cardiol. 2021; 154, 111-117.
42. Blackburn H. Email letter to Edward J. Calabrese, October 25, 2022.
43. Gofman JW, Tamplin AR. ‘Population Control’ through Nuclear Pollution. Nelsen-Hall Co. Publishers, Chicago, IL, 1970.
44. Court-Brown WM, Doll R. Laukaemia and aplastic anaemia in patients irradiated for ankylosing spondylitis. Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 295. Reprinted in J Rad Prot. 1957; 27, B15-B154.
45. Court-Brown WM, Doll R. Mortality from cancer and other causes after radiotherapy for ankylosing spondylitis. Brit Med J. 1965; 2, 1327-1332.
46. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Radiation Protection. Radiosensitivity and spatial distribution of dose. Reports prepared by two task groups of ICRP Committee 1, ICRP-PUBL-14. Pergamon Press, New York NY, 1969.
47. Lewis EB. Leukemia and ionizing radiation. Science. 1957; 125, 965-972.
48. Calabrese EJ. LNT and cancer risk assessment: Its flawed foundations part 1: Radiation and leukemia: Where LNT began. Environ Res. 2021; 197, 111025.
49. Calabrese EJ. LNT and cancer risk assessment: Its flawed foundations part 2: How unsound LNT science became accepted. Environ Res. 2021; 197, 111041.
50. Wald N. Leukemia in Hiroshima City atomic bomb survivors. Science. 1958; 127, 127:699-700.
51. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation, Medical/Pathology Panel Transcripts, Washington, DC, 1956.
52. Gofman JW. Radiation and Human Health. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, CA. 1981, pp. 670-673.
53. Sasaki MS, Miyata H. Biological dosimetry in atomic bomb survivors. Nature. 1968; 220, 11891193.
54. Evans RD. Radium in man. Health Physics. 1974; 27, 497-510.
55. Russell WL. Factors affecting the radiation induction of mutations. In: Biological Implications of the Nuclear Age. US Department of Health Education & Welfare. 1969, pp. 255-267.
56. Mays CW, Dougherty TF, Taylor GN, Stover BJ, Jee WSS, et al. Bone cancer induction by radionuclides: Incidence vs dose. Radiobiology Division, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1970, page 2193.
57. Gofman JW. The radiation hazard for man. In: The Environmental and Ecological Forum 1970-1971. US Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, DC, 1972.
58. Bond VP. The public and radiation from nuclear power plants. In: The Environmental and Ecological Forum 1970-2971. US Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn, 1972.
59. Bond VP, Shella-Barger CJ, EP Cronkite EP. Appendix 4: Comments by, Brookhaven National Laboratory, on Radiation induction of breast cancer in the rat: A validation of the linear hypothesis of radiation carcinogenesis over the range 0-600 rads. 1970; GT-112-70., page 2145.
60. Cuttler JM. Evidence of a dose threshold for radiation-induced leukemia. Dose Response. 2018; 16, 1-5.
61. Wright S. Letter to William Russell. American Philosophical Society. Wright File. December 23, 1970.
62. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation, Medical/Pathology Panel. Report to the Public, Washington, DC, 1960.
63. Anonymous. Vermont A-Plant called a threat. New York Times, September 13, 1970.
64. Tamplin AR. The regulation of man-made radiation in the biosphere. In Nuclear Power and the Public. Harry Foreman (editor). University of Minnesota Press, 1970, pp. 45-51.
65. Calabrese EJ. The linear No-threshold (LNT) dose response model: A comprehensive assessment of its historical and scientific foundations. Chem Biol Inter. 2019; 301, 6-25.
66. Calabrese EJ. On the origins of the linear no-threshold (LNT) dogma by means of untruths, artful dodges and blind faith. Environ Res. 2015; 142, 432-442.
67. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation, Genetics Panel, Report to the Public, Washington DC, 1960.
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Calabrese E. The Gofman-Tamplin Cancer Risk Controversy and Its Impact on the Creation of BEIR I and the Acceptance of LNT. Med Lav [Internet]. 2023 Feb. 14 [cited 2024 Dec. 26];114(1):e2023007. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/14006
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How to Cite
1.
Calabrese E. The Gofman-Tamplin Cancer Risk Controversy and Its Impact on the Creation of BEIR I and the Acceptance of LNT. Med Lav [Internet]. 2023 Feb. 14 [cited 2024 Dec. 26];114(1):e2023007. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/lamedicinadellavoro/article/view/14006
