ChatGPT and healthcare: is the future already here? Opportunities, challenges, and ethical concerns. A narrative mini-review
Keywords:
ChatGPT, artificial intelligence, AI, natural language processing, medical education, scientific writing, healthcareAbstract
ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence (AI) powered chatbot trained on vast human language databases able to generate human-like answers to a wide variety of questions and topics. It uses natural language processing and machine learning algorithms to understand and answer users' questions simulating human interaction. ChatGPT has recently received wide attention for its performance in different areas of common life and it can be perfectly used in healthcare with great perspectives. It can improve patient outcomes, increase efficiency, disseminate medical knowledge, and has the potential to transform healthcare since it continues to evolve and play an increasingly important role. In this paper we analyze how this technology can impact healthcare and revolutionize the traditional approach to Medicine, by examining the opportunities for patients and health professionals (including medical education, research, and academic scientific production), but also the challenges and ethical issues concerning its use. We are at the very beginning of a new era, filled with light and shadow, and further improvements and regulations are needed to ensure its proper use in healthcare.
References
OpenAI. Introducing ChatGPT. Introd ChatGPT 2022. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt (accessed on 12 March 2023)
OpenAI. OpenAI: Models GPT-3. Available online: https://beta.openai.com/docs/models (accessed on 12 March 2023)
Nadkarni PM, Ohno-Machado L, Chapman WW. Natural language processing: an introduction. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2011 Sep-Oct;18(5):544-51. doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000464.
Hossain E, Rana R, Higgins N et al. Natural Language Processing in Electronic Health Records in relation to healthcare decision-making: A systematic review. Comput Biol Med. 2023 Mar;155:106649. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106649. Epub 2023 Feb 10.
Jorg T, Kämpgen B, Feiler D et al. Efficient structured reporting in radiology using an intelligent dialogue system based on speech recognition and natural language processing. Insights Imaging. 2023 Mar 16;14(1):47. doi: 10.1186/s13244-023-01392-y.
Ismail AMA. Chat GPT in Tailoring Individualized Lifestyle-Modification Programs in Metabolic Syndrome: Potentials and Difficulties? Ann Biomed Eng. 2023 Jun 18. doi: 10.1007/s10439-023-03279-x. Epub ahead of print.
Deik A. Potential Benefits and Perils of Incorporating ChatGPT to the Movement Disorders Clinic. J Mov Disord. 2023 May;16(2):158-162. doi: 10.14802/jmd.23072. Epub 2023 May 24.
Xu Z, Yin W, Zhang Y et al. Comparative evaluation of leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma and pure platelet-rich plasma for cartilage regeneration Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 7; 7:43301
Chatterjee J and Dethlefs N. This new conversational AI model can be your friend, philosopher, and guide, and even your worst enemy. Patterns 2023 4, 100676. doi: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100676
Han JW, Park J, and Lee H. Analysis of the effect of an artificial intelligence chatbot educational program on non-face-to-face classes: a quasiexperimental study. BMC Med. Educ. 2022; 22, 830. doi: 10.1186/s12909-022-03898-3.
Mokmin NAM and Ibrahim NA. The evaluation of chatbot as a tool for health literacy education among undergraduate students. Educ Inf Technol (Dordr) 2021; 26, 6033–6049. doi: 10.1007/s10639-021-10542-y
Sallam M. ChatGPT utility in healthcare education, research, and practice: Systematic review on the promising perspectives and valid concerns. Healthcare 2023, vol. 11, no. 6, p. 887.
Goodman RS, Patrinely JR Jr, Osterman T, Wheless L, Johnson DB. On the cusp: Considering the impact of artificial intelligence language models in healthcare. Med. 2023 Mar 10;4(3):139-140. doi: 10.1016/j.medj.2023.02.008.
Kung TH, Cheatham M, Medenilla A, et al. Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models. medRxiv . 2022 2022.12.19.22283643. doi: 10.1101/2022.12.19.22283643
Javaid M, Haleem A, Singh RP. ChatGPT for healthcare services: An emerging stage for an innovative perspective. BenchCouncil Transactions on Benchmarks, Standards and Evaluations.2023; 3. 100105. 10.1016/j.tbench.2023.100105. n.d.
Sarraju A, Bruemmer D, Van Iterson E et al. Appropriateness of cardiovascular disease prevention recommendations obtained from a popular online chat-based artificial intelligence model. JAMA. 2023 Mar 14;329(10):842-4. n.d.
Shahsavar Y, Choudhury A. User Intentions to Use ChatGPT for Self-Diagnosis and Health-Related Purposes: Cross-sectional Survey Study JMIR Hum Factors 2023;10:e47564 doi: 10.2196/47564
Patel SB, Lam K. ChatGPT: The future of discharge summaries? Lancet Dig. Health 5(3)(2023)e107–e108. n.d.
Hill-Yardin EL, Hutchinson MR, Laycock R, Spencer SJ. A Chat(GPT) about the future of scientific publishing. Brain Behav Immun. 2023 May;110:152-154. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.022.
Liebrenz M, Schleifer R, Buadze A, Bhugra D, Smith A. Generating scholarly content with ChatGPT: Ethical challenges for medical publishing. Lancet Digit Health. 2023;5:e105-6. Medline:36754725 doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00019-5
Rahimi F, Talebi Bezmin AA. ChatGPT and Publication Ethics. Arch Med Res. 2023 Apr;54(3):272-274. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.03.004. Epub 2023 Mar 27.
Altmäe S, Sola-Leyva A, Salumets A. Artificial intelligence in scientific writing: a friend or a foe? Reprod Biomed Online. 2023 Apr 20:S1472-6483(23)00219-5. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.04.009
Májovský M, Černý M, Kasal M, Komarc M, Netuka D. Artificial Intelligence Can Generate Fraudulent but Authentic-Looking Scientific Medical Articles: Pandora’s Box Has Been Opened. J Med Internet Res. 2023 May 31;25:e46924. doi: 10.2196/46924
King MR. ChatGPT. A conversation on artificial intelligence, Chatbots, and plagiarism in higher education. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023;16:1–2. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12195-022-00754-8.
Tranter I, van Driel ML, Mitchell B. Doctor! Did you Google my symptoms? A qualitative study of patient perceptions of doctors’ point-of-care information seeking. BMJ Open. 2022 Jul 27;12(7):e061090. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061090
Johnson D, Goodman R, Patrinely J et al. Assessing the Accuracy and Reliability of AI-Generated Medical Responses: An Evaluation of the Chat-GPT Model. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2023 Feb 28:rs.3.rs-2566942. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2566942/v1.
You Y and Gui X. Self-diagnosis through ai-enabled chatbot-based symptom checkers: user experiences and design considerations. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2020, 1354–1363
Dave T, Athaluri SA, Singh S. ChatGPT in medicine: an overview of its applications, advantages, limitations, future prospects, and ethical considerations. Front Artif Intell. 2023 May 4;6:1169595. doi: 10.3389/frai.2023.1169595.
Carlbring P, Hadjistavropoulos H, Kleiboer A, Andersson G. A new era in Internet interventions: The advent of Chat-GPT and AI-assisted therapist guidance. Internet Interv. 2023 Apr 11;32:100621. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2023.100621
Kitamura, F. C. Chatgpt is shaping the future of medical writing but still requires human judgment. Radiology 2023; 230171. doi: 10.1148./radiol.230171
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Michele Venosa, Emilio Romanini, Simone Cerciello, Massimo Angelozzi, Manuel Graziani, Vittorio Calvisi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Transfer of Copyright and Permission to Reproduce Parts of Published Papers.
Authors retain the copyright for their published work. No formal permission will be required to reproduce parts (tables or illustrations) of published papers, provided the source is quoted appropriately and reproduction has no commercial intent. Reproductions with commercial intent will require written permission and payment of royalties.