Infective endocarditis and COVID -19 coinfection: An updated review
Keywords:
Infective endocarditis, COVID 19, OutcomeAbstract
With the rising number of COVID-19 patients, there have been reports of patients presenting with concomitant infective endocarditis. In this retrospective review, we included all articles from Medline with COVID-19 and infective endocarditis coinfection. Ten articles were identified from eight different countries over the world over the past 11 months. All patients reported with the above coinfections were male with a mean age of 53 years. Clinical features of COVID-19 and the presence of ground-glass opacity in CT thorax were predominant among patients with positive RT-PCR for COVID-19. New-onset embolic infarct, pulmonary edema was a contributor to the diagnosis of endocarditis in most patients. Involvement of the aortic valve was most common. Delayed diagnosis and cardiac surgery were contributors to increased morbidity.
References
1. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Nagabandi S, Benotti J. Infective endocarditis with mitral leaflet perforation and multiple embolic infarcts. QJM. 2020 Oct 1;113(10):757-759. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa026. PMID: 32061127.
2. Cosyns B, Motoc A, Arregle F, Habib G. A Plea Not to Forget Infective Endocarditis in COVID-19 Era. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 Nov;13(11):2470-2471. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.07.027. Epub 2020 Aug 18. PMID: 33011118; PMCID: PMC7434401.
3. K K Sahu, A K Mishra, A Lal, M Kranis, An interesting case of expressive aphasia: Enterococcus faecalis-related infective endocarditis complicating as septic emboli, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 113, Issue 2, February 2020, Pages 146–147
4. Garatti A, Castelvecchio S, Daprati A, Molfetta R, Volpe M, De Vincentiis C, Parolari A, Menicanti L. Clinical Course of COVID-19 Infection in Patients Urgently Operated of Cardiac Surgical Procedures. Ann Surg. 2020 Oct;272(4):e275-e279. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004393. PMID: 32932327.PMID: 32531128
5. Hussain A, Khan H, Lopez-Marco A, Roberts N, Oo A. Cardiac surgery in patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection: Early experience. J Card Surg. 2020 Jun;35(6):1351-1353. doi: 10.1111/jocs.14657. PMID: 32531128; PMCID: PMC7323321.
6. Regazzoni V, Loffi M, Garini A, Danzi GB. Glucocorticoid-Induced Bacterial Endocarditis in COVID-19 Pneumonia - Something to Be Concerned About? Circ J. 2020 Sep 25;84(10):1887. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-20-0462. Epub 2020 Aug 7. PMID: 32779609.
7. Schizas N, Michailidis T, Samiotis I, Patris V, Papakonstantinou K, Argiriou M, Dedeilias P. Delayed Diagnosis and Treatment of a Critically Ill Patient with Infective Endocarditis Due to a False-Positive Molecular Diagnostic Test for SARS-CoV-2. Am J Case Rep. 2020 Sep 27;21:e925931. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.925931. PMID: 32980852; PMCID: PMC7526942.
8. Amir M, Djaharuddin I, Sudharsono A, Ramadany S. COVID-19 concomitant with infective endocarditis: A case report and review of management. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;98:109-112. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.061. Epub 2020 Jun 20. PMID: 32574691; PMCID: PMC7305871.
9. Dias CN, Brasil Gadelha Farias LA, Moreira Barreto Cavalcante FJ. Septic Embolism in a Patient with Infective Endocarditis and COVID-19. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Oct 16. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1133. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33069268.
10.Yang Y, Qidwai U, Burton BJL, Canepa C. Bilateral, vertical supranuclear gaze palsy following unilateral midbrain infarct. BMJ Case Rep. 2020 Nov 4;13(11):e238422. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-238422. PMID: 33148560.
11. Alizadehasl A, Salehi P, Roudbari S, Peighambari MM. Infectious endocarditis of the prosthetic mitral valve after COVID-19 infection. Eur Heart J. 2020 Nov 7:ehaa852. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa852. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33159786.
12. Sanders DJ, Sutter JS, Tatooles A, Suboc TM, Rao AK. Endocarditis Complicated by Severe Aortic Insufficiency in a Patient with COVID-19: Diagnostic and Management Implications. Case Rep Cardiol. 2020 Sep 29;2020:8844255. doi: 10.1155/2020/8844255.; PMCID: PMC7525298.
13. Mantero V, Rigamonti A, Basilico P, Sangalli D, Scaccabarozzi C, Salmaggi A. Stroke in a Feverish Patient with COVID-19 Infection and Unknown Endocarditis. J Clin Neurol. 2020 Oct;16(4):707-708. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2020.16.4.707. PMID: 33029982; PMCID: PMC7541976
14. Sahu KK, Mishra AK, Goldman Y. A rare case of Pneumopericardium secondary to COVID-19. Heart Lung. 2020 Aug 21;49(6):679-680. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.017. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32861883; PMCID: PMC7441933
15. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, George AA, Sargent J, Lal A. Cerebrovascular events in COVID-19 patients. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2020;90(2):10.4081/monaldi.2020.1341. Published 2020 Jun 10. doi:10.4081/monaldi.2020.1341
16. Sahu, K.K., Mishra, A.K., Sherif, A.A. et al. An interesting case of pacemaker endocarditis. Neth Heart J 27, 585–586 (2019)
17. Lal A, Mishra AK, Sahu KK. CT chest findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119(5):1000-1001. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.03.010
18. Mishra AK, Lal A, Sahu KK, Kranis M, Sargent J. Quantifying and reporting cardiac findings in imaging of COVID-19 patients. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease = Archivio Monaldi per le Malattie del Torace. 2020 Nov;90(4). DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2020.1394.
19. Sahu KK, Lal A, Mishra AK. An update on CT chest findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Heart Lung. 2020;49(5):442-443. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.03.007
20. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Baddam V, Sargent J. Stroke and infective endocarditis. QJM. 2020 Mar 19. pii: hcaa098. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa098. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32191291.
21. Sahu, K.K., Doshi, A., Mishra, A.K. et al. A female with five chambers. Neth Heart J 28, 174–175 (2020)
22. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, George AA, Lal A. A review of cardiac manifestations and predictors of outcome in patients with COVID - 19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 3]. Heart Lung. 2020;S0147-9563(20)30157-6. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.04.019
23. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Lal A, Sargent J. Patterns of heart injury in COVID-19 and relation to outcome [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 8]. J Med Virol. 2020;10.1002/jmv.25847. doi:10.1002/jmv.25847
24. Toth E, Dancy L, Amin-Youssef G, Papachristidis A, Dworakowski R. Collateral implications of the COVID-19 pandemic: belated presentation of infective endocarditis in a young patient. Eur Heart J. 2020 Sep 9:ehaa633. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa633. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32901278; PMCID: PMC7499668.
25. A K Mishra, K K Sahu, A Lal, M Sujata, Systemic embolization following fungal infective endocarditis, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 113, Issue 3, March 2020, Pages 233–235.
26. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, George AA, Lal A. Safety and Efficacy of Thrombolysis and Mechanical Thrombectomy in Infective Endocarditis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020 Mar 20:104784. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104784
27. A K Mishra, K K Sahu, A Lal, V Menon, Aortic valve abscess: Staphylococcus epidermidis and infective endocarditis, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 113, Issue 3, March 2020, Pages 211–212
28. Van Camp G, De Beenhouwer H, Beles M, Collet C, Nasser R, Schelfaut D, Penicka M. Disturbing effect of lockdown for COVID-19 on the incidence of infective endocarditis: a word of caution. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020 Jun 10:1–4. doi: 10.1007/s00392-020-01686-x. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32524195; PMCID: PMC7286420.
29. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Lal A. Reporting of all cardiac medications and their outcome in COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 8]. J Med Virol. 2020;10.1002/jmv.25843. doi:10.1002/jmv.25843
30. Tozzi P, Kampouri EE, Tzimas G, Prior JO, Monney P, Kamani C, Lamoth F. COVID-19 Pandemics: A Surprising Link to Bread Flour With Collateral Damage to a Prosthetic Heart Valve. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 Oct;13(10):e011395. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.011395. Epub 2020 Oct 2. PMID: 33003958.
31. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Sargent J. Cardiac drugs and outcome in COVID-19. QJM. 2020;113(7):523-524. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcaa127
32. Thomas VV, Mishra AK, Jasmine S, Sathyendra S. Gram-negative infective endocarditis: a retrospective analysis of 10 years data on clinical spectrum, risk factor and outcome. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2020 Nov 13;90(4). doi: 10.4081/monaldi.2020.1359. PMID: 33190470.
33. Mishra AK, Lal A, Sahu KK, Sargent J. Cardiovascular factors predicting poor outcome in COVID-19 patients [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 28]. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2020;49:107246. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107246
34. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Lal A, Sargent J. Mechanisms of stroke and the role of anticoagulants in COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 26]. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;S0929-6646(20)30286-2. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.06.026
2. Cosyns B, Motoc A, Arregle F, Habib G. A Plea Not to Forget Infective Endocarditis in COVID-19 Era. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 Nov;13(11):2470-2471. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.07.027. Epub 2020 Aug 18. PMID: 33011118; PMCID: PMC7434401.
3. K K Sahu, A K Mishra, A Lal, M Kranis, An interesting case of expressive aphasia: Enterococcus faecalis-related infective endocarditis complicating as septic emboli, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 113, Issue 2, February 2020, Pages 146–147
4. Garatti A, Castelvecchio S, Daprati A, Molfetta R, Volpe M, De Vincentiis C, Parolari A, Menicanti L. Clinical Course of COVID-19 Infection in Patients Urgently Operated of Cardiac Surgical Procedures. Ann Surg. 2020 Oct;272(4):e275-e279. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004393. PMID: 32932327.PMID: 32531128
5. Hussain A, Khan H, Lopez-Marco A, Roberts N, Oo A. Cardiac surgery in patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection: Early experience. J Card Surg. 2020 Jun;35(6):1351-1353. doi: 10.1111/jocs.14657. PMID: 32531128; PMCID: PMC7323321.
6. Regazzoni V, Loffi M, Garini A, Danzi GB. Glucocorticoid-Induced Bacterial Endocarditis in COVID-19 Pneumonia - Something to Be Concerned About? Circ J. 2020 Sep 25;84(10):1887. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-20-0462. Epub 2020 Aug 7. PMID: 32779609.
7. Schizas N, Michailidis T, Samiotis I, Patris V, Papakonstantinou K, Argiriou M, Dedeilias P. Delayed Diagnosis and Treatment of a Critically Ill Patient with Infective Endocarditis Due to a False-Positive Molecular Diagnostic Test for SARS-CoV-2. Am J Case Rep. 2020 Sep 27;21:e925931. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.925931. PMID: 32980852; PMCID: PMC7526942.
8. Amir M, Djaharuddin I, Sudharsono A, Ramadany S. COVID-19 concomitant with infective endocarditis: A case report and review of management. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;98:109-112. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.061. Epub 2020 Jun 20. PMID: 32574691; PMCID: PMC7305871.
9. Dias CN, Brasil Gadelha Farias LA, Moreira Barreto Cavalcante FJ. Septic Embolism in a Patient with Infective Endocarditis and COVID-19. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Oct 16. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1133. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33069268.
10.Yang Y, Qidwai U, Burton BJL, Canepa C. Bilateral, vertical supranuclear gaze palsy following unilateral midbrain infarct. BMJ Case Rep. 2020 Nov 4;13(11):e238422. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-238422. PMID: 33148560.
11. Alizadehasl A, Salehi P, Roudbari S, Peighambari MM. Infectious endocarditis of the prosthetic mitral valve after COVID-19 infection. Eur Heart J. 2020 Nov 7:ehaa852. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa852. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33159786.
12. Sanders DJ, Sutter JS, Tatooles A, Suboc TM, Rao AK. Endocarditis Complicated by Severe Aortic Insufficiency in a Patient with COVID-19: Diagnostic and Management Implications. Case Rep Cardiol. 2020 Sep 29;2020:8844255. doi: 10.1155/2020/8844255.; PMCID: PMC7525298.
13. Mantero V, Rigamonti A, Basilico P, Sangalli D, Scaccabarozzi C, Salmaggi A. Stroke in a Feverish Patient with COVID-19 Infection and Unknown Endocarditis. J Clin Neurol. 2020 Oct;16(4):707-708. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2020.16.4.707. PMID: 33029982; PMCID: PMC7541976
14. Sahu KK, Mishra AK, Goldman Y. A rare case of Pneumopericardium secondary to COVID-19. Heart Lung. 2020 Aug 21;49(6):679-680. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.017. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32861883; PMCID: PMC7441933
15. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, George AA, Sargent J, Lal A. Cerebrovascular events in COVID-19 patients. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2020;90(2):10.4081/monaldi.2020.1341. Published 2020 Jun 10. doi:10.4081/monaldi.2020.1341
16. Sahu, K.K., Mishra, A.K., Sherif, A.A. et al. An interesting case of pacemaker endocarditis. Neth Heart J 27, 585–586 (2019)
17. Lal A, Mishra AK, Sahu KK. CT chest findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119(5):1000-1001. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.03.010
18. Mishra AK, Lal A, Sahu KK, Kranis M, Sargent J. Quantifying and reporting cardiac findings in imaging of COVID-19 patients. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease = Archivio Monaldi per le Malattie del Torace. 2020 Nov;90(4). DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2020.1394.
19. Sahu KK, Lal A, Mishra AK. An update on CT chest findings in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Heart Lung. 2020;49(5):442-443. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.03.007
20. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Baddam V, Sargent J. Stroke and infective endocarditis. QJM. 2020 Mar 19. pii: hcaa098. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa098. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 32191291.
21. Sahu, K.K., Doshi, A., Mishra, A.K. et al. A female with five chambers. Neth Heart J 28, 174–175 (2020)
22. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, George AA, Lal A. A review of cardiac manifestations and predictors of outcome in patients with COVID - 19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 3]. Heart Lung. 2020;S0147-9563(20)30157-6. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.04.019
23. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Lal A, Sargent J. Patterns of heart injury in COVID-19 and relation to outcome [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 8]. J Med Virol. 2020;10.1002/jmv.25847. doi:10.1002/jmv.25847
24. Toth E, Dancy L, Amin-Youssef G, Papachristidis A, Dworakowski R. Collateral implications of the COVID-19 pandemic: belated presentation of infective endocarditis in a young patient. Eur Heart J. 2020 Sep 9:ehaa633. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa633. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32901278; PMCID: PMC7499668.
25. A K Mishra, K K Sahu, A Lal, M Sujata, Systemic embolization following fungal infective endocarditis, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 113, Issue 3, March 2020, Pages 233–235.
26. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, George AA, Lal A. Safety and Efficacy of Thrombolysis and Mechanical Thrombectomy in Infective Endocarditis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020 Mar 20:104784. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104784
27. A K Mishra, K K Sahu, A Lal, V Menon, Aortic valve abscess: Staphylococcus epidermidis and infective endocarditis, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Volume 113, Issue 3, March 2020, Pages 211–212
28. Van Camp G, De Beenhouwer H, Beles M, Collet C, Nasser R, Schelfaut D, Penicka M. Disturbing effect of lockdown for COVID-19 on the incidence of infective endocarditis: a word of caution. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020 Jun 10:1–4. doi: 10.1007/s00392-020-01686-x. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32524195; PMCID: PMC7286420.
29. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Lal A. Reporting of all cardiac medications and their outcome in COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 8]. J Med Virol. 2020;10.1002/jmv.25843. doi:10.1002/jmv.25843
30. Tozzi P, Kampouri EE, Tzimas G, Prior JO, Monney P, Kamani C, Lamoth F. COVID-19 Pandemics: A Surprising Link to Bread Flour With Collateral Damage to a Prosthetic Heart Valve. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 Oct;13(10):e011395. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.011395. Epub 2020 Oct 2. PMID: 33003958.
31. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Sargent J. Cardiac drugs and outcome in COVID-19. QJM. 2020;113(7):523-524. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcaa127
32. Thomas VV, Mishra AK, Jasmine S, Sathyendra S. Gram-negative infective endocarditis: a retrospective analysis of 10 years data on clinical spectrum, risk factor and outcome. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2020 Nov 13;90(4). doi: 10.4081/monaldi.2020.1359. PMID: 33190470.
33. Mishra AK, Lal A, Sahu KK, Sargent J. Cardiovascular factors predicting poor outcome in COVID-19 patients [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 28]. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2020;49:107246. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107246
34. Mishra AK, Sahu KK, Lal A, Sargent J. Mechanisms of stroke and the role of anticoagulants in COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 26]. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;S0929-6646(20)30286-2. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.06.026
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1.
George A, Alampoondi Venkataramanan SV, John KJ, Mishra AK. Infective endocarditis and COVID -19 coinfection: An updated review. Acta Biomed. 2022;93(1):e2022030. doi:10.23750/abm.v93i1.10982
