Analysis of Graves' disease from the origins to the current historical evolution The history of Graves’ disease discovery and treatment
Main Article Content
Keywords
Thyroid, Graves’ disease, autoimmunity, hyperthyroidism, ophthalmopathy, James Graves, Basedow disease
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD), also called Basedow's disease, owe the names respectively to the Irish physician Robert James Graves, who described the disease in 1835, and to Karl Adolph von Basedow, who reported the same clinical picture in Germany in 1840. Indeed, it was the Englishman Caleb Hillier Parry to firstly report a case of hyperthyroidism and goiter in 1786, but his report was not published until 1825. Earlier, in 1802, the Italian physician Giuseppe Flajani, described a disease characterized by the coexistence of palpitations and exophthalmos. Graves' disease is an autoimmune, organ-specific, disorder sustained by auto-antibodies stimulating the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (R). It is believed that the interaction between susceptible genes and environmental/endogen factor triggers the development of the disease. As a consequence of TSH-R improper stimulation, hyperthyroidism and goiter are the main clinical manifestation of the disease, accompanied, in the 25% of cases, by Graves’ orbitopathy (GO). GD is primarily diagnosed by demonstrating the presence of thyrotoxicosis and the pathognomonic TSH-R antibodies (TSH-RAb). In this manuscript we will refer to the disease as Graves’ disease.
References
References
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(1) Smith TJ., Hegedüs L. Graves’ Disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 2016; 375(16), 1552–1565. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1510030
(2) Kahaly GJ. Management of Graves Thyroidal and Extrathyroidal Disease: An Update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Dec 1;105(12):3704–20. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa646
(3) Nabipour I, Burger A, Moharreri M-R, Azizi F. Avicenna. The first to describe thyroid-related orbitopathy. Thyroid 2009; 19: 7-8. Doi: 10.1089/thy.2008.0299
(4) Graves RJ. Clinical lectures delivered at the Meath Hospital during the session 1834–1835. Lecture XII. Newly observed affection of the thyroid. London Med Surg 1835;7:515–523.
(5) Graves RJ. A system of clinical medicine /. Fannin,.1843
(6) Coakley D. Robert Graves, evangelist of clinical medicine. The Irish Endocrine Society 1996; 9-102
(7) Von Basedow KA. Exophthalmos durch hypertrophie des zellgewebesin der Augenhole. Wochenschr Ges Heilk Berl 1840; 6: 197
(8) Testa, A.G (1810). Delle malattie del cuore, loro cagioni, specie, segni e cura. Bologna, Tip. Lucchesini 1810
(9) Flajani G. Sopra un tumor freddo nell’anterior parte del collo broncocele (Osservazione LXVII). Collezione d’osservazioni e reflessioni di Chir, Rome, Milano. A Ripa Press Lino Conte 1802; 3: 270–273
(10) Parry CH. (1825). Collection from the unpublished medical writings of the late Caleb Hiller Parry. Underwoods 1825; 1, 2.
(11) Muller AF., Drexhage, HA., Berghout, A. Postpartum thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroiditis in women of childbearing age: Recent insights and consequences for antenatal and postnatal care. Endocrine Reviews 2001. 22(5), 605–630. doi.org/10.1210/edrv.22.5.0441
(12) Winsa B., Adami HO., Bergström R., Gamstedt A., Dahlberg PA., Adamson U., Jansson R., Karlsson A. Stressful life events and Graves’ disease 1991. Lancet (London, England), 338(8781), 1475–1479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)92298-g
(13) Osler W. The principles and practice of medicine : designed for the use of practitioners and students of medicine. New York : D. Appleton and Co 1898; 3e: 836-837).
(14) Charcot JM. Mèmoire sur une affection caracterisè par des palpitations du Coeur et des artères, la tumefaction de la glande thyroid et une double exophthalmie. C T Mem Soc Biol 1857 3:43.
(15) Trousseau A. Lectures on Clinical Medicine delivered at the HGtel-Dieu, Paris. Lecture XIX. London, New Sydenham Society, 1868, p 542.
(16) Murray, G. Thyroid secretion as a factor in exophthalmic goitre. The Lancet 1893, 142(3663), 1177–1179. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)96393-7
(17) Rogers J, & Beebe SV. The treatment of thyroidism by a specific cytotoxic serum. Archives of Internal Medicine 1908, II(4), 297–329. doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1908.00050090002001
(18) Marine D, Lenhart CH: Pathological anatomy of exophthalmic goiter. Arch Intern Med. 1911, 8:265-316
(19) Magner J. Historical Note: Many Steps Led to the ‘Discovery’ of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone. Eur Thyroid J. 2014;3(2):95-100. doi:10.1159/000360534
(20) Adams DD. The presence of an abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum of some thyrotoxic patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1958, 18(7), 699–712. doi.org/10.1210/jcem-18-7-699
(21) Volpé R. Autoimmunity causing thyroid dysfunction. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 1991, 20(3), 565–587.
(22) Weetman AP. Graves’ disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 2000, 343(17), 1236–1248. doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200010263431707
(23) Oertel JE, LiVolsi VA. Pathology of thyroid diseases. Braverman LE, Utiger RD (eds.), Werner and Ingbar’s The Thyroid a Fundamental Clinical Text 1991.
(24) Lippincott Williams & Wilkens, Tomer, Y., & Davies, T. F. Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: From gene mapping to gene function. Endocrine Reviews 2003, 24(5), 694–717. doi.org/10.1210/er.2002-0030
(25) McIver B, Morris JC. The pathogenesis of Graves’ disease. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 1998, 27(1), 73–89. doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70299-1
(26) Krummel MF, Allison JP. CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation. J Exp Med 1995, 182:459-4659
(27) Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Antonelli A, Benvenga S. Environmental Issues in Thyroid Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Mar 20;8:50. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00050. PMID: 28373861; PMCID: PMC5357628.
(28) Gallo, D., Piantanida, E., Badino, P., Mortara, L. The story of a vitamin for bone health that upgraded to hormone for systemic good health. Medicina Historica 2018; 2(3):152-160
(29) Gallo D, Mortara L, Gariboldi MB, Cattaneo SAM, Rosetti S, Gentile L, Noonan DM, Premoli P, Cusini C, Tanda ML, Bartalena L, Piantanida E. Immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D and its potential role in the prevention and treatment of thyroid autoimmunity: a narrative review. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020; 43(4):413-429. doi: 10.1007/s40618-019-01123-5
(30) Kawakami-Tani T, Fukawa E, Tanaka H, Abe Y, Makino I Effect of 1alfa-hydrossivitamin D3 on serum levels of thyroid hormones in hyperthyroid patients with untreated Graves’ disease. Metabolism 1997. 46(10):1184–1188
(31) Poma AM, Hammerstad SS, Genoni A, Basolo A, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Toniolo A. Immune Transcriptome of Cells Infected with Enterovirus Strains Obtained from Cases of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Microorganisms. 2021 Apr 19;9(4):876).
(32) Prabhakar BS, Bahn RS, Smith T J. Current perspective on the pathogenesis of Graves’ disease and ophthalmopathy. Endocrine Reviews 2003, 24(6), 802–835. doi.org/10.1210/er.2002-0020 Philidelphia; 1991: 603–42
(33) Bartalena L, Masiello E, Magri F, Veronesi G, Bianconi E, Zerbini F, Gaiti M, Spreafico E, Gallo D, Premoli P, Piantanida E, Tanda ML, Ferrario M, Vitti P, Chiovato L. The phenotype of newly diagnosed Graves' disease in Italy in recent years is milder than in the past: results of a large observational longitudinal study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016 Dec;39(12):1445-1451. Doi: 10.1007/s40618-016-0516-7
(34) Bartalena L, Fatourechi V. Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease: A 2014 update. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2014, 37(8), 691–700. doi.org/10.1007/s40618-014-0097-2sawin
(35) Bartalena L, Piantanida E, Gallo D, Lai A, Tanda ML. Epidemiology, Natural History, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Graves' Orbitopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)2020 Nov 30;11:615993. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.615993
(36) Bartalena L, Kahaly GJ, Baldeschi L, Dayan CM, Eckstein A, Marcocci C, Marino M, Vaidya B, Wiersinga WM. The 2021 european group on Graves' orbitopathy (eugogo) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of graves' orbitopathy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Jul 1:EJE-21-0479.R1. doi: 10.1530/EJE-21-0479. Epub ahead of print
(37) Tanda ML, Piantanida E, Liparulo L, Veronesi G, Lai A, Sassi L, Pariani N, Gallo D, Azzolini C, Ferrario M, Bartalena L. Prevalence and natural history of Graves' orbitopathy in a large series of patients with newly diagnosed Graves' hyperthyroidism seen at a single center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Apr;98(4):1443-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-3873
(38) Ippolito S, et al. Change in newly diagnosed Graves' disease phenotype between the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries: meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021 Aug;44(8):1707-1718. doi: 10.1007/s40618-020-01479-z
(39) Bartalena L, Piantanida E, Tanda ML. Can a patient-tailored treatment approach for Graves' disease reduce mortality? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(4):245-246. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30057-9
(40) Selmer C, Olesen JB, Hansen ML, Lindhardsen J, Olsen A, Madsen JC, Faber J, Hansen PR, Pedersen OD, Torp-Pedersen C, & Gislason, G. H. The spectrum of thyroid disease and risk of new onset atrial fibrillation: A large population cohort study. BMJ 2012 (Clinical Research Ed.), 345, e7895. doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7895
(41) Vaidya B, Pearce SHS. Diagnosis and management of thyrotoxicosis. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 2014. doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g5128
(42) Cooper DS. Hyperthyroidism. Lancet 2003(London, England), 362(9382), 459–468. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14073-1
(43) Schwartz KM, Fatourechi V, Ahmed DDF, Pond GR. Dermopathy of Graves’ disease (pretibial myxedema): Long-term outcome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002, 87(2), 438–446. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.2.8220
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Mortara L, Coco G, Gatti L, Piantanida E, Gallo D. Analysis of Graves’ disease from the origins to the current historical evolution: The history of Graves’ disease discovery and treatment. Med Histor [Internet]. 2022 Feb. 16 [cited 2024 Jul. 17];5(3):e2021030. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/MedHistor/article/view/12121
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Mortara L, Coco G, Gatti L, Piantanida E, Gallo D. Analysis of Graves’ disease from the origins to the current historical evolution: The history of Graves’ disease discovery and treatment. Med Histor [Internet]. 2022 Feb. 16 [cited 2024 Jul. 17];5(3):e2021030. Available from: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/MedHistor/article/view/12121